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C. Hassan, M.A., M.D., M.P.H.

Co-Director, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine

Intraprostatic blood-flow changes during ProstaLund feedback treatment measured by positron emission tomography. Management of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi. Effect of oral ciprofloxacin on bacterial flora of perineum, urethra, and lower urinary tract in men with spinal cord injury. Extended use of indwelling urinary catheters in postoperative hip fracture patients. Kinetics of ternary complex formation with fusion proteins composed of the A(1)-adenosine receptor and G protein alpha-subunits. Pressure flow study data in a group of asymptomatic male control patients 45 years old or older. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for benign prostate hyperplasia: separating truth from marketing hype. In vitro evaluation of chemopreventive agents using cultured human prostate epithelial cells. Videourodynamics identifies the causes of young men with lower urinary tract symptoms and low uroflow. Correlation of the genotypes for Nacetyltransferases 1 and 2 with double bladder and prostate cancers in a case-comparison study. Presentation of prostate carcinoma with cervical lymphadenopathy: report of three cases. Exaggerated signet-ring cell change in stromal nodule of prostate: a pseudoneoplastic proliferation. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 gene -202 A/C polymorphism is correlated with advanced disease status in prostate cancer. Page 253 105990 112710 111180 109750 128800 134100 161410 112380 151680 113990 114640 157220 129630 113960 109080 110340 September 2010 Appendix 3: Master Bibliography American Urological Association, Inc. An A/G polymorphism of core 2 branching enzyme gene is associated with prostate cancer. Is it possible to use urodynamic variables to predict upper urinary tract dilatation in children with neurogenic bladder-sphincter dysfunction. Re: A nomogram to classify men with lower urinary tract symptoms using urine flow and noninvasive measurement of bladder pressure. Chronic inflammation in benign prostate hyperplasia is associated with focal upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2, Bcl-2, and cell proliferation in the glandular epithelium. Development and characterization of efficient xenograft models for benign and malignant human prostate tissue. Transurethral resection of the prostate among medicare beneficiaries: 1984 to 1997. Effects of oral administration of L-arginine on renal function in patients with heart failure. Malignant phyllodes tumor of the prostate: retrospective review of specimens obtained by sequential transurethral resection. New simple method of transabdominal ultrasound to assess the degree of benign prostatic obstruction: size and horizontal shape of the prostate. Results of questionnaires regarding video recordings of benign prostatic obstruction by flexible cystourethroscopy responded to by urologists. Change in parameters before and after alpha-1-blocker therapy for men with lower urinary tract symptoms using color doppler ultrasound urodynamics: possible application for prediction of clinical outcome. Eliciting preferences for drug treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Rare case of primary lymphoma of the prostate: giving the patient the benefit of the doubt. Low incidence of new renal scars after ureteral reimplantation for vesicoureteral reflux in children: a prospective study. The natural history of lower urinary tract symptoms in black American men: relationships with aging, prostate size, flow rate and bothersomeness. Polo-like kinase 1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer and linked to higher tumor grades. Prostate botulinum A toxin injection-an alternative treatment for benign prostatic obstruction in poor surgical candidates.

Syndromes

• It can help your doctor decide which treatments you need next.
• Types C and D are also known as Type II.
• Upper respiratory tract infections
• Severe liver problems
• About 10 days before the surgery, you may be asked to stop giving your child aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), warfarin (Coumadin), and any other drugs that make it hard for blood to clot.
• When was the last time you urinated?
• Adults: 150 to 220

Anger can be focused on a person, a health care provider, at God, or at the world in general. It can be expressed over issues that have nothing to do with our death; consequently, being in this stage of loss is not always obvious. Living better, devoting self to a cause, being a better friend, parent, or spouse, are all agreements one might willingly commit to if doing so would lengthen life. Asking to just live long enough to witness a family event or finish a task are examples of bargaining. Feeling the full weight of loss, crying, and losing interest in the outside world is an important part of the process of dying. This depression makes others feel very uncomfortable and family members may try to console their loved one. Sometimes hospice care may include the use of antidepressants to reduce depression during this stage. Acceptance involves learning how to carry on and to incorporate this aspect of the life span into daily existence. Reaching acceptance does not in any way imply that people who are dying are happy about it or content with it. It means that they are facing it and continuing to make arrangements and to say what they wish to say to others. Some terminally ill people find that they live life more fully than ever before after they come to this stage. It is clear from her 2005 book that anger played a central role in "her" grief and did so for many years (Friedman & James, 2008). There have been challenges to the notion that denial and acceptance are beneficial to the grieving process (Telford, Kralik, & Koch, 2006). Denial can become a barrier between the patient and health care specialists and reduce the ability to educate and treat the patient. Similarly, 459 acceptance of a terminal diagnosis may also lead patients to give up and forgo treatments to alleviate their symptoms. This does not mean that others who are grieving the loss of someone would necessarily experience grief in the same way. Results indicated that acceptance was the most commonly reported reaction from the start, and yearning was the most common negative feature for the first two years. The other variables, such as disbelief, depression, and anger, were typically absent or minimal. It is often someone else who makes the decision if and when and where a patient should be hospitalized. Dual-Process Model of Grieving: the dual-process model takes into consideration that bereaved individuals move back and forth between grieving and preparing for life without their loved one (Stroebe & Schut, 2001; Stroebe, Schut, & Stroebe, 2005). This model focuses on a loss orientation, which emphasizes the feelings of loss and yearning for the deceased and a restoration orientation, which centers on the grieving individual reestablishing roles and activities they had prior to the death of their loved one. When oriented toward loss grieving individuals look back, and when oriented toward restoration they look forward.

By the year 2050, almost one in four Americans will be over 65, and will be expected to live longer than previous generations. Census Bureau (2014b) a person who turned 65 in 2015 can expect to live another 19 years, which is 5. This increasingly aged population has been referred to as the "Graying of America". This "graying" is already having significant effects on the nation in many areas, including work, health care, housing, social security, caregiving, and adaptive technologies. Germany, Italy, and Japan all had at least 20% of their population aged 65 and over in 2012, and Japan had the highest percentage of elderly. Additionally, between 2012 and 2050, the proportion aged 65 and over is projected to increase in all developed countries. This number is expected to increase from 8% to 16% of the global population by 2050. Between 2010 and 2050, the number of older people in less developed countries is projected to increase more than 250%, compared with only a 71% increase in developed countries. Declines in fertility and improvements in longevity account for the percentage increase for those 65 years and older. In more developed countries, fertility fell below the replacement rate of two live births per woman by the 1970s, down from nearly three children per woman around 1950. Fertility rates also fell Source in many less developed countries from an average of six children in 1950 to an average of two or three children in 2005. As the population ages, concerns grow about who will provide for those requiring long-term care. In 2000, there were about 10 people 85 and older for every 100 persons between ages 50 and 64. The number of old requiring support from their children is expected to more than double by the year 2040 (He, Sengupta, Velkoff, & DeBarros, 2005). These families will certainly need external physical, emotional, and financial support in meeting this challenge. Life Expectancy vs Lifespan Lifespan or Maximum Lifespan is referred to as the greatest age reached by any member of a given population (or species). Life expectancy is defined as the average number of years that members of a population (or species) live. Women live longer than men around the world, and the gap between the sexes has remained the same since 1990. In high-income countries, the majority of people who die are old, while in low-income countries almost one in three deaths are in children under 5 years of age. According to the Central Intelligence Agency (2019) the United States ranks 45th in the world for life expectancy. Many in late adulthood enjoy better health and social well-being than average and would be aging at an optimal level. In contrast, others experience poor health and dependence to a greater extent than would be considered normal. This age takes into account current age-specific mortality, morbidity, and disability risks and is referred to as the Healthy Life Expectancy. Life Expectancy in America: the overall life expectancy for a baby born in 2017 in the United States is 78. Life expectancy at birth did not change from 2016 for the non-Hispanic black population (74. Much of this decline has been attributed to the increase in sedentary lifestyle and obesity. Since 1980, the obesity rate for children between 2 and 19 years old has tripled, as 20. Obesity in children is associated with many health problems, including high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, elevated blood cholesterol levels, and psychological concerns including low self-esteem, negative body image and depression. Excess weight is associated with an earlier risk of obesity-related diseases and death. In 2007, former Surgeon General Richard Carmona stated, "Because of the increasing rates of obesity, unhealthy eating habits and physical inactivity, we may see the first generation that will be less healthy and have a shorter life expectancy than their parents" (p.

Syphi litic (luetic) aortitis (now rare) with dilation of the aortic valve ring - I!! This valve is rarely involved alone in rheumatic heart disease but may be involved together with the mitral and aortic valves. This trivalvular involvement accounts for approximately 5% of cases of rheumatic heart disease. It is rarely involved in rheumatic heart disease, although it may be involved in the carcinoid syndrome. Chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, some of the other trisomies, and Turner syndrome, are often complicated by congenital heart disease. Endocardial cushion defects, which result in atrial and ventricular septal defects and atrioventricular valve deformities, are frequent associations of Down syndrome (trisomy 2 1). There i s a n apparent increase in the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus in patients liv ing at high altitudes, suggesting an association with fetal oxygen deprivation. Rubella (German measles) infection is a prominent cause of congenital heart disease. There is strong evidence of a link between maternal rubella during the first trimester of pregnancy and a constellation of fetal defects, known as the congenital rubella syn drome. Cardiac malformations are especially frequent and commonly include patent ductus arteriosus, aortic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and pulmonary infundibular or valvular stenosis, sometimes occurring as part of the tetralogy of Fallot. Demonstration of antirubella antibodies of the IgM class indicates recent primary infection. Tetralogy of Fallot can cluster in families, probably because of multifactorial inheritance. In atrial septal defects, both pressure and oxygen saturation may be equalized between the two atria. Cyanotic diseases include transposition of the great vessels (survival depends on the presence of a shunt between the left and right ventricles), malformations with a right-to left shunt. This term refers to diseases of the heart muscle that are noninflammatory and are not associated with hypertension, congenital heart disease, valvular disease, or coronary artery disease. Usually, these diseases are characterized by otherwise unexplained ventricular dysfunc tion (heart failure unresponsive to digitalis, ventricular enlargement, ventricular arrhyth mias). In some cases, dilated cardiomyopathy is related to alcoholism (alcohol cardiomyopathy), thiamine deficiency (beriberi heart), or prior myocarditis. Some forms are associated with mutant cytoskeletal proteins, such as dystrophin or desmin; mutations of sarcomeric proteins, such as cardiac myosin heavy chain; and other muscle proteins, such as actin. The interventric u l a r septum is m a rkedly thickened and may c a use obstru ction of the left ventri c u l a r outflow tract. The microsco pi c view shows the c h a r a cteristi c disoriented, tangled, a n d hypertrophied myocardial fibers. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (1) the cause is infiltrative processes within the myocardium that result in stiffening of the heart muscle, which interferes with pumping action. Jii (2) this cardiomyopathy is exemplified by cardiac amyloidosis, which may result in both right- and left-sided heart failure. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is often inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. Thus far, several genes have been implicated in the genesis of this disorder: genes cod ing for -myosin heavy chain (most common mutation, thus far), cardiac troponins T and I, a-tropomyosin, myosin-binding protein C, and myosin light chain (Figure 10-3). Microscopic characteristics include d isoriented, tangled, and hypertroph i e d Jii Jii (2) Jii (3) myocard ial fibers. The cardiomyopathy may result in left ventricular outflow obstruction, placing the patient in danger of syncope and even sudden death, which often occurs unex pectedly in young athletes. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a rare disorder characterized by gradual replacement of right ventricular muscle by fat, by arrhythmias, and sometimes by sudden death in athletes. Jii this myocardial disease most often presents as biventricular heart failure in young per sons who do not have valvular, rheumatic, or congenital heart disease. Morphologic characteristics include diffuse myocardial degeneration and necrosis with an inflammatory infiltrate. Hydropericard i um is an accumulation of serous transudate i n the pericardial space. It is most often caused by congestive heart failure or by edematous conditions due to hypoproteinemia, such as the nephrotic syndrome or chronic liver disease. It is usually caused by traumatic perforation of the heart or aorta or by myocardial rupture associated with acute myocardial infarction.