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Clinical Director, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine

The effect of high molecular weight water-soluble pentosans on wheat-bread quality in a straight-dough procedure, Cereal Chem. Effect of gluten and sodium stearoyl lactylate on starch crystallization during ageing of wheat starch gels, J. Effects on rate of dialysis and on the retention of nutrients by the chick, Cereal Chem. The structure of barley beta-D-glucan and the specificity of A11-endo-beta-glucanase, Arch. Variations of barley gums during malting and mashing, Brauwissenschaft, 20, 185, 1967. With the exception of xanthan, gellan, and curdlan, which are produced by microorganisms, polysaccharide food gums are obtained from land or marine plant sources. Food gums/hydrocolloids are often the determinants of texture, other quality attributes, stability, and applicable processing methods, even when naturally occurring and not added as ingredients. This chapter reviews analytical methods that have been used or proposed to be used to determine amounts or purities of nonstarch polysaccharide food gums. It is not exhaustive in terms of either water-soluble food polysaccharides or methods but should give a picture of recent developments. They have a variety of chemical structures, shapes, solubilities, and molecular weights. As a result, they are polymolecular; that is, their structures vary from polymer molecule to polymer molecule, with it being unlikely that any two molecules have exactly the same structure. In addition, average structures can, and do in most cases, vary with the cultivar grown, climate during the growing season, other environmental factors such as fertilization and application of herbicides, species, and, in some cases, processing conditions. Some are linear; some are branched but still effectively linear, and some have branch-on-branch, bush-like structures [1]. Some are composed only of sugar units; some are substituted with ether, ester, or cyclic acetal groups, either naturally or as a result of chemical modification. Some are completely soluble in cold water; some are completely soluble only in hot water. Some require aqueous solutions of acids, bases, or metal ion-chelating agents for dissolution and extraction from a food matrix. Whether from a plant or a microbial source, polysaccharides are polydisperse; that is, populations of their molecules exhibit a range of molecular weights rather than having a specific molecular weight. Often gum/hydrocolloid producers reduce the average molecular weights of their products in order to have available different viscosity grades; such depolymerization increases the polydispersity. Additional analytical difficulties result from the generally low concentrations (0. These factors complicate determination of the types and amounts of polysaccharides in a food product. Most current methods, almost all of which have decided shortcomings, depend on extraction of the gums, followed by fractionation of the extract with concomitant losses of material. Sometimes, the gum is then hydrolyzed and identified through its constituent sugars. Under common acid-catalyzed hydrolysis conditions, however, constituent sugars are released from polysaccharides at different rates and are destroyed by hot acidic solutions at different rates; therefore, even determining the exact monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides is difficult and may not be achieved in some cases. Also, fermentations may produce polysaccharides; for example, yogurt and frozen yogurt-type products may contain polysaccharides that function as stabilizers but which are not listed on an ingredient label because they have been produced during processing by microorganisms rather than added as ingredients. Identification of such an unknown polysaccharide is generally much more difficult than quantitative analysis of a gum for which the identity is known. One approach for determination of most polysaccharide food gums in foods can be described but is generally not available. This approach is an application of the reporter unit concept - identification of a particular monosaccharide unit, functional group, or ratio of monosaccharide units that is unequivocally characteristic of a particular polysaccharide, ideally of each polysaccharide found in the food product. Better would be a method that could be applied to a whole food product without isolation and purification of the gums that will measure the amount of each gum or reporter unit quantitatively. Glycosidic bonds of uronic acid units are difficult to hydrolyze and uronic acids decompose easily, so considerable destruction results under the more severe conditions required to release them. No single approach that will determine (either qualitatively or quantitatively) all gums/hydrocolloids in foods is available. The problems associated with the determination of gums in foods have been reviewed [2,3]. A review (with 95 references) describes the challenges and approaches taken in the quantitative determination of a single family of gums (the carrageenans) in food products [4].

The local authorities encourage farmers to take elementary precautions (protective clothing and a mask, washing hands with soap after exposure to chemicals), and they sometimes do. In the Egyptian delta village of Abkhas (see Hopkins, Mehanna, and el Haggar 2001), inhabitants can select one of three sources of water, all bad, but people have their preferences. They evaluate the water according to color, smell, taste, and the presence of visible particles. People know the canal that passes by their village has polluted water, and use it mostly for washing up. Many households have shallow wells with pumps that reach down about eight meters, and there is a government system with a deep well several kilometers away. The water from the deep government well is cleaner when it comes out of the ground, but it must pass through a flawed pipe system, and the flow is irregular. People feel that the substandard water is the source of many liver and kidney diseases. But if "water in" is a problem, so is "water out," since there is no sewage system in the village, sanitary or not. People rely on pit latrines, where the sullage goes along with some other waste water. Since these are unlined, they do not have to be cleaned out as often as the lined ones used in poor urban neighborhoods, but there is considerable seepage from these latrines into the water table. One of the major causes of global warming is the burning of fossil fuels, including those originating from the Middle East. First, rising temperatures can modify the growth cycle of plants, and impact their productivity. This can be countered by the breeding of slightly different versions of the plants created in the agricultural research stations. Second, global warming could modify rainfall and thus the main resource used in plant growth. For Egypt, the effect would work through the rainfall in Ethiopia and elsewhere upstream, and this might reduce the water available to Egypt. Illconsidered and individualistic change will aggravate the situation, and so collective discipline may be necessary if the people of the Middle East are to prosper together. The foodproducing areas of the Middle East have undergone considerable change in their social and physical techniques of food production, and also improvements in their standard of living. This has put pressure on the environment, most obviously on the water supply, and continues to raise the question of the limits of this growth. Yet, perhaps there is a cost to pay, if development contains within it the seeds of its own destruction. Admittedly, the countries exporting oil are not always the same as those importing food, but there is a certain flexibility on this score. When the Middle East reaches the point where its imports can no longer be covered, then the people of the Middle East will have to think of creative ways to organize themselves to compensate for the difference. Conservation of water and other resources will have to become a standard practice, as will the desalination of salt water, already common in some areas. Public health and, its companion, public cleanliness will also have to become standard. The various forms of the "tragedy of the commons" will have to be identified and avoided through cooperative action, or through strong and enlightened central government. At this point, the Middle East is probably not going to "collapse" on its own, but as part of the world system. But a contributing factor may be selfdestructiveness through internal war, the opposite of creative cooperation. Still, there is reason to pay attention to other trends: population growth and urbanization; neglect of agriculture and especially the conditions for continued productivity; climate change and threats to water; and others mentioned here. It is important to give rein to deliberate creativity on the part of rural people. In November 1952, he became Minister for Social Affairs, and was later briefly Minister of Education, before joining the International Labour Organization in Geneva.

Under the Central Study Scenario, the capacity expansion trajectory (Figure 3-24, right) largely follows the same trends as the generation trajectory (Figure 3-24, left) with three important differences. Second, while oil and gas steam capacity also declines over this time period, growth in natural gas combustion turbine capacity more than makes up for this decrease. These natural gas units provide peaking and reserve capacity needs and, thus, play an important role for the U. In the near term, the growth of wind power satisfies new electricity demand and replaces declining fossil generation. In the long term, significant declines in coal and nuclear are observed and replaced by the continued growth of wind, solar, and natural gas generation. The change in generation between these two scenarios under central assumptions drives many of the environmental and other impacts reported in Sections 3. Figure 3-25 shows the difference in non-wind generation between the Central Baseline Scenario and Study Scenario for four categories: natural gas, coal, nuclear, and non-wind renewable generation. The difference in non-wind generation reflects the type of generation "displaced" by wind between these two scenarios. In the modeled scenarios, nuclear and coal generation is largely driven by assumptions around the available installed capacity of these plants, due to the low operating costs of nuclear and many coal-fired plants. Nuclear units are assumed to be retired after one service life extension period, resulting in a 60-year lifetime for nuclear units. With a second service life extension and the associated total 80-year lifetime, nuclear would achieve greater generation in the latter years than the findings suggestion. While technology sensitivities beyond wind power costs were not conducted as part of this study, they would yield different results. For example, the inclusion of other geothermal technologies with greater resource potential-including undiscovered hydrothermal and greenfield-enhanced geothermal systems-could lead to greater market share from geothermal generation. Difference in annual generation between the Central Study Scenario and Baseline Scenario by technology type categories are more modest through 2030. The growth in the displacement of natural gas and more constant amount of coal displacement reflects the underlying fossil fuel switching observed in both the Study Scenario and Baseline Scenario. With an electric sector transitioning over time to be more heavily dependent on natural gas compared to coal, the Central Study Scenario results in greater amounts of avoided natural gas in the long term. Under Central assumptions, differences in nuclear generation between the Baseline Scenario and Study Scenario results are negligible in all years. The amount of capacity displaced is not as drastic as the amount of electricity production displacement, particularly for the near- and mid-terms. While three variants of wind technology cost scenarios are modeled, future wind technology development is found to have little effect on the remaining generation mix under the prescribed scenario framework. During this long-term period, the trade-off is made between natural gas and other technologies, primarily nuclear and non-wind renewables. As a consequence, other generation sources will achieve less generation in the Study Scenario compared to the corresponding Baseline Scenario. The starkest differences are found in 2050, when the 35% wind penetration displaces fossil generation and leaves less room for nuclear and renewable generation. The mix of displaced generation enables a consistent estimate of the impacts, costs, and benefits of future wind deployment. Ultimately, however, the generation mix will depend on economic, policy, and other conditions-including those that can accommodate growth of multiple technology types. Challenges in serving this role result from variability and uncertainty that exists in the electric power system at all timescales-from multiple decades to microseconds. Variability and uncertainty are inherent in the system as a result of changing electricity demand and generator availability, as well as the potential for power plant and transmission line outages. Although sources of variability and uncertainty exist throughout the power system, including from all generator types, greater reliance on variable output generation such as wind further add to the challenges of system operation. Increasing penetration77 of wind energy may result in increased ramping needs, increased operating reserves, and transmission expansion. Wind technology costs have a more sizable effect on the cost implications of the Study Scenario, as described in Section 3. The Low Fuel and High Fuel Cost scenarios assume both coal and natural gas fuel prices to be adjusted in the same direction relative to the Central assumption; however, the scenario assumptions change the relative competitiveness of these two energy sources. This is mostly the result of the assumed single service life extension for existing nuclear units and the limited growth in nuclear capacity under the assumptions used.

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• A special dye injected into the blood vessels of the heart to see their structure and position (arteriography)
• Seizures
• You have increased thirst or appetite, unexplained weight loss, frequent urination, or fatigue -- these may be signs of diabetes.
• Gastrointestinal irritation
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Golor the Quick had another view, suggesting that Lothrim used magical aid to breed the Gargun from captured Khuzdul or Sindarin. Despite his arcane powers, Lothrim was forced to occupy them with constant wars to maintain control. Lothrim was captured and is said to have been buried alive in a stone tomb with an "honor guard" of twelve starving Gargun. The subsequent withdrawal of most Khuzdul to Azadmere soon allowed the Gargun to flourish. This forced some tribesmen to attack the civilized human kingdoms, an event known as the Migration Wars. By 250, the Gargun were widespread throughout Hвrn, and their population of about 50,000 has been relatively stable since then. If sexually exposed to males for about six consecutive hours, these "princesses" become fertile queens. Occasionally a princess will be abducted by a group of males who intend to start a new colony. Tribes which lose their queen will strive to kidnap a princess or face certain extinction. This does not mean these males are impotent; they are fully capable of rape, as survivors (both male and female) of Gargun raids can attest. Sexual tension and competition for sexual access to the queen explains much about Gargun society. Magic or alchemy can permit fertilization to occur between two different subspecies, but the Gargun resulting from such a union are always sterile and insane. In each tribe there is at most one fertile female (the queen) and generally one fertile male (the king). Both sexes become fertile only through continued sexual relations with the opposite sex. About one month after impregnation, a queen will lay, depending on her age and health, up to 80 gelatinous eggs. If the eggs are stored in a dark, humid environment and covered with a good supply of decomposing organic material, they will hatch in three to six months. Gargu-Hyeka Queen Racial Memory Newborn Gargun are hatched possessing a common set of memories, or more accurately, racial instincts fused within their genetic code. For example, Arak are hatched knowing more about hunting while Hyeka instinctively know more about mining. Because Gargun begin life with so much cultural information, they develop very quickly. Newborn Gargun almost immediately interact with their tribe and reach adulthood within a year. However, their racial memory cannot change (beyond normal genetic evolution) and is therefore a fixed pool of knowledge from one generation to the next. Unlike other intelligent species, Gargun society remains almost totally unchanging. Although Gargun begin life with a common set of memories, they are still able to learn. Indeed, one of the first things newborn Gargun need to discover is the geography of their lair and surrounding area. If lucky, the young are taught this additional information, but most newborns learn by trial and error, or by watching Copyright © 2003, N. If all the elderly Gargun avoid a certain tunnel, for example, most newborns will eventually notice and copy the action. A crucial element of their racial memory is an instinct to submit to a clearly superior authority. Hence, the Gargun will accept the control of a king, provided he demonstrates an ability to eliminate rivals. This trait explains Gargun submission to Lothrim, whose arcane powers and cruelty were formidable.