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Colorectal cancer and the intake of nutrients: Oligosaccharides are a risk factor, fats are not. Effect of nondigestible oligosaccharides on large-bowel functions, blood lipid concentrations and glucose absorption in young healthy male subjects. Effect of resistant starch on breath-hydrogen and methane excretion in healthy volunteers. Effects of indigestible dextrin on blood glucose and insulin levels after various sugar loads in rats. Short chain fatty acid distributions of enema samples from a sigmoidoscopy population: An association of high acetate and low butyrate ratios with adenomatous polyps and colon cancer. Influence of dietary neosugar on selected bacterial groups of the human faecal microbiota. In vitro and in vivo models for predicting the effect of dietary fiber and starchy foods on carbohydrate metabolism. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of coronary heart disease among women. Effect of dose and modification of viscous properties of oat gum on plasma glucose and insulin following an oral glucose load. Effects of fructo-oligosaccharides on blood glucose and serum lipids in diabetic subjects. Resistant starch is more effective than cholestyramine as a lipid-lowering agent in the rat. Comparative epidemiology of cancers of the colon, rectum, prostate and breast in Shanghai, China versus the United States. Comparison of high-calorie, low-nutrient-dense food consumption among obese and nonobese adolescents. Correlates of over- and underreporting of energy intake in healthy older men and women. The effects of dietary -linolenic acid compared with docosahexaenoic acid on brain, retina, liver, and heart in the guinea pig. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglycerides in a tenyear prospective study in old age. Neurodevelopment quotient of healthy term infants at 4 months and feeding practice: the role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Developmental quotient at 24 months and fatty acid composition of diet in early infancy: A follow up study. Effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, and butter on serum lipoproteins and Lp[a] in men. Effects of partially hydrogenated fish oil, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, and butter on hemostatic variables in men. Docosahexaenoic acid is the preferred dietary n-3 fatty acid for the development of the brain and retina. Effect of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on lipid peroxidation and protein aggregation in rat erythrocyte membranes. Stearic acid, trans fatty acids, and dairy fat: Effects on serum and lipoprotein lipids, apolipoproteins, lipoprotein(a), and lipid transfer proteins in healthy subjects. Aro A, Van Amelsvoort J, Becker W, van Erp-Baart M-A, Kafatos A, Leth T, van Poppel G. Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: Cohort follow up study in the United States. Failure to increase lipid oxidation in response to increasing dietary fat content in formerly obese women. Visual acuity, erythrocyte fatty acid composition, and growth in term infants fed formulas with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids for one year. Growth and development in term infants fed longchain polyunsaturated fatty acids: A double-masked, randomized, parallel, prospective, multivariate study.
Results of the study identified 430,803 km2 of suitable land (approximately 168 11. The analysis concluded that there is a sufficient amount of suitable land and water available for large-scale production, calling out the Gulf Coast region as the most optimal location in regards to the availability of resources (Wigmosta et al. However, the authors emphasized that the availability of sustainable sources of water would be a future limiting factor to the growth of algal biomass production facilities in the United States (discussed in chapter 10). Growing algal biomass on land that is classified as pasture has little potential for conflict with terrestrial dedicated bioenergy feedstocks, and it also has alternative uses for agricultural production (Langholtz et al. Nutrient requirements will depend on the type of production pathway used and the ability to reuse or recycle nutrients (Venteris et al. A more detailed discussion on the implications of the resource availability and requirements is available in chapter 10. Overall, uncertainty still exists in resource modeling due to varying assumptions used for productivity levels and the scope of the assessment (Quinn and Davis 2015). While research has begun to compare results of the productivities of different algal strains, more data is needed from test-bed and commercial-scale facilities to reduce this uncertainty (Venteris et al. Growth Modeling Productivity continues to be one of the major barriers to economical, large-scale algal biomass production. As with terrestrial feedstocks, algal biomass productivity will be constrained by the available energy density in sunlight and the relatively low efficiencies of photosynthetic processes coupled with other systems losses. It is still a major challenge to replicate productivity numbers for lab-grown strains in outdoor ponds (Huesemann et al. Focusing on closing the lab-to-field yield gap is crucial to the development of large-scale production (White and Ryan 2015). Biomass growth models project productivity by estimating light attenuation within a culture and by predicting the rate of growth as a function of incident or absorbed light (for a more detailed overview of algal biomass productivity, see chapter 4). As previously discussed in chapter 4, autotrophic algal biomass cultivation generally occurs in closed photobioreactors or open ponds/raceways. For outdoor pond cultivation, more than 40 models have been developed to predict algal productivity (for a review of many of these models, see Bйchet et al. Many models that were used previously to measure productivity were not validated or were simply too complex for use. The biomass growth model was further developed to predict productivity in outdoor ponds under conditions of diurnally fluctuating light intensities and water temperatures and replete nutrient levels for three different strains (Huesemann et al. The possibilities of highly productive algal strains have been major drivers of research into using algae as a biofuels feedstock. The upper theoretical production limit for microalgae oil has been estimated to be between the order of 240 m3ha-1yr-1 (approximately 26,000 gal/acre/year) to 350 m3ha-1yr-1 (approximately 38,000 gal/acre/year) of raw algal oil (Zemke et al. This range is based on expected losses, photosynthetic efficiency, and other assumptions made in the analysis (including the availability of high solar insolation consistent with lower latitudes and/or high percentage of clear weather conditions, 50% oil content). A best-case limit of 40 m3ha-1yr-1 (4,000 gal/acre/year) has been presented (Weyer et al. Taking into account significant variation of assumed solar radiation, harmonization of these studies resulted in a maximum theoretical yield of 350 m3ha-1yr-1 (37,000 gal/acre/year) for an ideally situated location at the equator (Quinn and Davis 2015). The potential for high algal biomass productivity for biofuels at commercial scale remains hypothetical. Current large-scale commercial production of high-value algae products in open ponds could serve as a baseline reference for fuels, but they reflect lower biomass productivities currently in the range of 1020 g/m2/day (Ramachandra et al. This is significantly lower than future target projections for biomass feedstock of 3060 g/m2/day (Amer et al. Variations are based on wide ranging assumptions in cultivation productivity and system design nuances. In outdoor photobioreactor cultivation, data collected over 2-1/2 years on the productivity of Nannochloropsis oculata and Nannocloropsis salina cultivated in multiple photobioreactors demonstrated annualized volumetric growth rates of 0. Previous work on photobioreactor cultivation on Monodus subterraneus demonstrated a productivity of 0. Ton) 100 Algal Oil Current Algal Oil Future Biomass Current Biomass Future 3000 2500 Figure 11. Literature scan demonstrating variability in cultivation yields and estimated cost of algal biomass and biooil, differentiating between "current performance" versus "future projections.
Pharmacology 558 Micormedex NeoFax Essentials 2014 Morphine is a narcotic analgesic that stimulates brain opioid receptors. Increases venous capacitance, caused by release of histamine and central suppression of adrenergic tone. Morphine-3glucuronide (M3G) is an antagonist to the effects of morphine and morphine-6glucuronide. For infants experiencing neonatal abstinence syndrome, monitor and score signs of drug withdrawal using a published abstinence assessment tool such as the modified Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System (Finnegan) or the Lipsitz tool [1] [5]. Special Considerations/Preparation Injectable solutions are available in dosage strengths ranging from 0. Acyclovir, alteplase, amikacin, aminophylline, amiodarone, ampicillin, atropine, aztreonam, bumetanide, caffeine citrate, calcium chloride, caspofungin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, 559 Micormedex NeoFax Essentials 2014 cefazolin, cimetidine, clindamycin, dexamethasone, digoxin, dobutamine, dopamine, enalaprilat, epinephrine, erythromycin lactobionate, esmolol, famotidine, fentanyl, fluconazole, furosemide, gentamicin, glycopyrrolate, heparin, hydrocortisone succinate, ibuprofen lysine, insulin, lidocaine, linezolid, lorazepam, meropenem, metoclopramide, metronidazole, mezlocillin, midazolam, milrinone, nafcillin, nicardipine, nitroglycerin, oxacillin, pancuronium bromide, penicillin G, phenobarbital, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, potassium chloride, propofol, propranolol, ranitidine, remifentanil, sodium bicarbonate, sodium nitroprusside, ticarcillin/clavulanate, tobramycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, vecuronium, and zidovudine. Oei J, Lui K: Management of the newborn infant affected by maternal opiates and other drugs of dependency. Koren G, Butt W, Chinyanga H, et al: Postoperative morphine infusion in newborn infants: Assessment of disposition characteristics and safety. Continuous infusion: Give a loading dose of 100 to 150 mcg/kg over 1 hour followed by 10 to 20 mcg/kg per hour. Treatment of opioid dependence and neonatal abstinence syndrome [1] [2] [4] [5] [3]. Pharmacology Morphine is a narcotic analgesic that stimulates brain opioid receptors. Morphine is converted in the liver to two glucuronide metabolites (morphine-6glucuronide and morphine-3-glucuronide) that are renally excreted. Elimination half-life is approximately 9 hours for morphine and 18 hours for morphine-6-glucuronide. For infants 561 Micormedex NeoFax Essentials 2014 experiencing neonatal abstinence syndrome, monitor and score signs of drug withdrawal using a published abstinence assessment tool such as the modified Neonatal Abstinence Scoring System (Finnegan) or the Lipsitz tool [1] [5]. Acyclovir, alteplase, amikacin, aminophylline, amiodarone, ampicillin, atropine, aztreonam, bumetanide, caffeine citrate, calcium chloride, caspofungin, cefotaxime, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, cefazolin, cimetidine, clindamycin, dexamethasone, digoxin, dobutamine, dopamine, enalaprilat, epinephrine, erythromycin lactobionate, esmolol, famotidine, fentanyl, fluconazole, furosemide, gentamicin, glycopyrrolate, heparin, hydrocortisone succinate, ibuprofen lysine, insulin, lidocaine, linezolid, lorazepam, meropenem, metoclopramide, metronidazole, mezlocillin, midazolam, milrinone, nafcillin, nicardipine, nitroglycerin, oxacillin, pancuronium bromide, penicillin G, phenobarbital, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, potassium chloride, propofol, propranolol, ranitidine, remifentanil, sodium bicarbonate, sodium nitroprusside, ticarcillin/clavulanate, tobramycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, vecuronium, and zidovudine. Terminal Injection Site Incompatibility Azithromycin, cefepime, micafungin, pentobarbital, and phenytoin. References Langenfeld S, Birkenfeld L, Herkenrath P, et al: Therapy of the neonatal abstinence syndrome with tincture of opium or morphine drops. Yaster M, Kost-Byerly S, Berde C, Billet C: the management of opioid and benzodiazepine dependence in infants, children, and adolescents. Uses Topical use for skin infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, S epidermidis, S saprophyticus, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Pharmacology Topical antibacterial produced by fermentation of the organism Pseudomonas fluorescens. Special Considerations/Preparation Available in unit-dose packets and 15 and 30-g tubes as a 2% ointment and cream (20 mg/g). Title Mupirocin Dose Cutaneous infections: Apply small amounts topically to affected areas 3 times daily. Decolonization: Apply small amounts to anterior nares twice daily for 5 to 7 days. Not absorbed into the systemic circulation after topical administration (older infants and children). Khoury J, Jones M, Grim A, et al: Eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit by active surveillance and aggressive infection control measures. Saiman L, Cronquist A, Wu F, et al: An outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Special Considerations/Preparation 566 Micormedex NeoFax Essentials 2014 Available in 1 and 2-g vials. Reconstituted solution stable for 3 days at room temperature, 7 days refrigerated. Contraindications/Precautions Increase dosing interval in patients with hepatic dysfunction. Reconstituted solution stable for 3 days 568 Micormedex NeoFax Essentials 2014 at room temperature, 7 days refrigerated. Acyclovir, aminophylline, atropine, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, dexamethasone, enalaprilat, esmolol, famotidine, fentanyl, fluconazole, heparin, lidocaine, magnesium sulfate, morphine, nicardipine, potassium chloride, propofol, sodium bicarbonate, tobramycin, and zidovudine. Terminal Injection Site Incompatibility Amikacin, aztreonam, gentamicin, hydrocortisone succinate, insulin, methylprednisolone, midazolam, netilmicin, and vancomycin.
