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These young men were untrained and undisciplined and became involved in activities that were unbecoming to a liberation struggle. Winnie subsequently became legally entangled in the trial of one of her bodyguards who was convicted of murdering a young comrade. This situation was deeply disconcerting to me, for such a scandal only served to divide the movement at a time when unity was essential. I wholly supported my wife and maintained that while she had shown poor judgment, she was innocent of any serious charges. That July, for my seventy-first birthday, I was visited at the cottage at Victor Verster by nearly my entire family. It was the first time I had ever had my wife and children and grandchildren all in one place, and it was a grand and happy occasion. Warrant Officer Swart outdid himself in preparing a feast, and he did not even get upset when I permitted some of the grandchildren to eat their sweets before their main course. After the meal, the grandchildren went into my bedroom to watch a video of a horror movie while the adults stayed outside gossiping in the lounge. It was a deep, deep pleasure to have my whole family around me, and the only pain was the knowledge that I had missed such occasions for so many years. He described the visit as a "courtesy call," and I was told to be ready to leave at 5:30 A. I told the general that while I was looking forward to the meeting, I thought it appropriate that I have a suit and tie in which to see Mr. Before leaving, the general also asked me my blood type, just in case anything untoward should happen the following day. I looked at as many newspapers and publications as I could to make sure I was up to date. I rehearsed the arguments that the state president might make and the ones I would put in return. In every meeting with an adversary, one must make sure one has conveyed precisely the impression one intends to . He was known as die Groot Krokodil - the Great Crocodile - and I had heard many accounts of his ferocious temper. He seemed to me to be the very model of the old-fashioned, stiff-necked, stubborn Afrikaner who did not so much discuss matters with black leaders as dictate to them. I resolved that if he acted in that finger-wagging fashion with me I would have to inform him that I found such behavior unacceptable, and I would then stand up and adjourn the meeting. He came into the lounge where I stood in front of him in my new suit for inspection. One did not have much use for ties in prison, and I realized that morning when I was putting it on that I had forgotten how to tie it properly. Major Marais unbuttoned my collar, loosened and then removed my tie, and then, standing behind me, tied it in a double Windsor knot. After breakfast, in a small convoy, we drove to Tuynhuys, the official presidential office, and parked in an underground garage where we would not be seen. Tuynhuys is a graceful, nineteenth-century Cape Dutch-style building, but I did not get a proper look at it that day. There we were met by Kobie Coetsee and Niel Barnard, and a retinue of prison officials. Barnard about this meeting, and they had always advised me to avoid controversial issues with the president. Barnard looked down and noticed that my shoelaces were not properly tied and he quickly kneeled down to tie them for me. He had his hand out and was smiling broadly, and in fact, from that very first moment, he completely disarmed me. We very quickly posed for a photograph of the two of us shaking hands, and then were joined at a long table by Kobie Coetsee, General Willemse, and Dr. From the first, it was not as though we were engaged in tense political arguments but a lively and interesting tutorial.

It may take many years to develop and employ lighter-weight body armor using new materials. One needs to be sure that the body armor that is developed can provide protection against the future threat. Manage the requirements-development process to coordinate relevant stakeholders from concept to requirements definition. Third, the requirements-development process needs to be reviewed to ensure that coordination among the relevant stakeholder offices is continuous as requirements are developed. Making optimal trade-offs between protection, weight, ergonomic impact, and cost requires ongoing interaction among the user representative, the technical community, and the resource providers, from the start of requirements assessment to the publication of the requirements document. Fourth, performance-including weight-should be included as a contract award selection criterion when awarding production contracts for body armor. Specific Recommendations Consider Berry Amendment waivers in procuring soft body armor and personal protective clothing. Congress originally passed domestic source restrictions as part of the 1941 Fifth Supplemental DoD Appropriations Act in order to protect the domestic industrial base in the time of war. There have been numerous exemptions granted since its original passage, and the law now applies generally to textile materials, including those utilized in body armor. Department of Homeland Security be manufactured in the United States with 100 percent U. The "Kissell Amendment" was modeled on and picks up, with little or no modification, many of the specific provisions of the Berry Amendment. We recommend that exceptions be made to the Berry and Kissell Amendments in the design and manufacture of soft body armor intended for U. Update 1977 Prather study to reassess relationship between backface deformation and mortality. Second, the 1977 Prather study provided some correlation on mortality and backface deformation. By utilizing current threats and available body armor (soft and hard), a new study should provide a better understanding of the effectiveness of utilizing backface deformation as a criteria for appropriate protection of soldiers on the battlefield. Establish comprehensive trauma data collection and analysis to better inform researchers, developers, and decisionmakers. Fourth, we recommend that a comprehensive trauma data collection and analysis process be established to better inform researchers, developers, and decisionmakers. A theater trauma system is in place for collecting data on trauma patients and implementation of a performance improvement program. The collection process should be expanded to provide needed data to ascertain the effectiveness of body armor. Conduct research to understand how body armor weight may increase probability of injury or death because of soldier and unit performance degradation. Finally, we recommend that research be conducted to better understand how body armor weight may inadvertently increase the probability of injury or death because of performance degradation. Also, further analysis is needed to determine whether aerobic and strength training can diminish the performance impacts of wearing body armor. With rare exceptions, they all have similar processes for developing body armor from receiving needs statements from combat units to the development of designs and specifications to final acquisition. While each service has its own research and development for interim design, experimentation, and testing and the completion of performance specifications-summarized in Table A. Coordination among the services occurs periodically at a Cross-Service Warfighting Equipping Board. The Army and Marine Corps have started monthly meetings concerning body armor requirements, development, and specifications. All specifications are traced back to the requirements outlined in the requirements documentation. After source selection and customary reviews, the contracting officer will issue an award. Board on Army Science and Technology, Phase I Report on Review of the Testing of Body Armor Materials for Use by the U. Clauser, and John Vaccari, Materials Handbook, 15th edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, June 2002.

Without any preliminaries, he tapped me roughly on my chest and then said gruffly, "There is water in your lung. He asked a nurse to bring him a syringe, and without further ado he poked it into my chest and drew out some brownish liquid. In the operating room I was given anesthesia, and the next thing I recalled was waking up in a room with the doctor present. I was groggy, but I concentrated on what he said: he had removed two liters of water from my chest and when the liquid was analyzed, a tuberculosis germ had been discovered. He said it was in the very early stages of the illness, and that the germ had done no damage to the lung. While full-blown tuberculosis normally took six months to cure, he said, I should be better in two months. The doctor agreed that it was probably the damp cell that had helped cause my illness. In December, I was moved to the Constantiaberge Clinic, a luxurious facility near Pollsmoor that had never had a black patient before. My first morning there, I had an early visit from Kobie Coetsee, who was accompanied by Major Marais, a deputy commander responsible for looking after me. Because of my recent illness and my history of high blood pressure, I had been put on a strict low-cholesterol diet. I could not remember the last time I had tasted bacon and eggs, and I was ravenous. Just as I was about to take a delicious forkful of egg, Major Marais said, "No, Mandela, that is against the orders of your physician," and he reached over to take the tray. While I was still at the clinic Coetsee said he wanted to put me in a situation that was halfway between confinement and freedom. While he did not spell out what this meant, I had a notion of what he was talking about, and I merely nodded. In the meantime, the clinic was extremely comfortable and for the first time I actually enjoyed a hospital convalescence. The prison authorities refused permission for me to go, which nettled the nurses, and as a result, they decided to hold their party in my room, insisting they could not have their party without me. That night, a dozen or so of these young ladies in party frocks descended on my room with cake and punch and gifts. The guards seemed befuddled, but they could hardly consider these vivacious young girls a security risk. In fact, when one of the guards attempted to prevent some of the nurses from entering my room, I jestingly accused him of being jealous of an old man receiving so much attention from such beautiful young ladies. On the evening of December 9, Major Marais came into my room, and told me to prepare myself to leave. We left in a rush, and after about an hour on the road we entered a prison whose name I recognized: Victor Verster. We drove through the entire length of the prison, and then along a winding dirt road through a rather wild, wooded area at the rear of the property. At the end of the road we came to an isolated, whitewashed one-story cottage set behind a concrete wall and shaded by tall fir trees. I was ushered into the house by Major Marais and found a spacious lounge, next to a large kitchen, with an even larger bedroom at the back of the house. It had not been cleaned or swept before my arrival, and the bedroom and living room were teeming with all kinds of exotic insects, centipedes, monkey spiders, and the like, some of which I had never seen before. That night, I swept the insects off my bed and windowsill and slept extremely well in what was to be my new home. The next morning I surveyed my new abode and discovered a swimming pool in the backyard, and two smaller bedrooms. The only thing spoiling the idyllic picture was that the walls were topped with razor wire, and there were guards at the entrance to the house. That afternoon I was visited by Kobie Coetsee, who brought a case of Cape wine as a housewarming gift. The irony of a jailer bringing his prisoner such a gift was not lost on either of us.

As there is a great demand for traditional medicine, the Department of Ayurveda and the Research Institute have started to popularize the cultivation of medicinal plants. Four herbal nurseries: Nawinna, Haldummulla, Girandurakotte and Pattipola have been established in three different zones. The cultivation of about 150 other herbs, commonly used by traditional physicians is also encouraged. Extension officers involved in cultivation also educate villagers in proper techniques of growing and harvesting these plant species (Pilipitiya, 1995). The plants used locally in Ayurveda have been botanically described and many of these have been investigated by scientists in universities and research institutes for their biological activities (Kumar, 2000). The Sri Lankan government and World Conservation Union are also working together on a project to conserve important and endangered herbal medicines in the wild. They are working to motivate local communities living near forests to start cultivating important medicinal species and to provide a legal framework for intellectual property rights and conservation of ancient medicinal knowledge (Bakker, 2002). Shops selling indigenous medicines and herbal preparations are common in both rural and urban areas. Many of the plant species used in such preparations are imported from India and other countries. Requirements of space, labour and technical knowledge have however, meant a move to buying prepared medicines from manufacturers. It has resulted in the development of a new industry to produce pharmaceutical herbal products for the domestic market. Herbal drugs are being produced by several government (such as the Ayurvedic Drug Corporation of Sri Lanka) and private (Link Natural Products (Pvt) 181 Ltd) organizations. A large number of people are involved in the collection, processing and storage of medicinal plant raw materials but the level of employment in this sector is not known as collection is not done on a full-time basis and hence is not recorded. Most families living close to the forests collect medicinal plants mainly for their own consumption with very few families traditionally involved in their collection for commercial purposes. There are 10 companies involved in growing, processing and exporting herbs and herbal preparations in Sri Lanka (Anonymous, 2004). In 1998, the production values of cardamom, cinnamon leaf oil, cinnamon quills, citronella, cloves, nutmeg and pepper were 60, 150, 10813, 102, 1744, 1257 and 6776 tonnes respectively (Anonymous, 2004). ProblemsandConstraints Unsustainable harvesting methods threaten many of the valuable medicinal and aromatic plant species in the country. Lack of cultivation of these species, lack of scientific research mainly because of the limitations of facilities and equipment for the evaluation of medicinal plant material, lack of raw material and market regulations, and illegal trade are the main problems in the exploitation of the full potential of medicinal and aromatic plant resources in the country. Continued 183 Table 1 continued Botanicalname Family Fabaceae Dilleniaceae Dioscoreaceae Zingiberaceae Asteraceae Fabaceae Fabaceae Euphorbiaceae Euphorbiaceae Convolvulaceae Moraceae Moraceae Clusiaceae Clusiaceae Colchicaceae Lamiaceae Lamiaceae Apocynaceae Malvaceae Hydrophyllaceae Clusiaceae Apocynaceae Poaceae Oleaceae Acanthaceae Anacardiaceae Leeaceae Lauraceae Lycopodiaceae Malvaceae Fabaceae Rubiaceae Moringaceae Meliaceae Rutaceae Myristicaceae Nepenthaceae Convolvulaceae Bignoniaceae Arecaceae Desmodium pulchellum (L. Phoenix zeylanica Trimen Continued 184 Table 1 continued Botanicalname Family Euphorbiaceae Piperaceae Piperaceae Piperaceae Lamiaceae Fabaceae Araceae Fabaceae Ericaceae Acanthaceae Santalaceae Sapindaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae Loganiaceae Myrtaceae Combretaceae Combretaceae Menispermaceae Rutaceae Celtidaceae Cucurbitaceae Asteraceae Poaceae Lamiaceae Meliaceae Solanaceae Zingiberaceae Zingiberaceae Phyllanthus emblica L. It is a region of high plateaus and mountains (Tian Shan), vast deserts (Kara Kum, Kyzyl Kum, Taklamakan) and treeless, grassy plains. Much of the land is too dry or rugged for farming and the majority of people earn their living by herding livestock. A large number of plant species including medicinal plants originated in this region. The plant biodiversity of the region could be of value to provide new species of medicinal plants and compounds for the traditional herbal drugs and pharmaceutical industry of Central Asia as well as other regions of the world (Zaurov, et al. It is bounded on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan and on the west by the Caspian Sea and Russia. It covers an area of 2,724,900 square kilometres and only a small part of the area is under forest, which is located mainly in the northern regions. The forests are sources of valuable medicinal and aromatic plants along with other non-wood forest products. The medicinal plants are used in the preparation of various traditional remedies, which are an important part of daily life. TraditionalMedicineSystems Traditional medicine has been used in Kazakhstan for a long time. Until the early 20th century health care services were provided mainly by traditional healers. The poli- 189 cies of modernization of the then Soviet government resulted in suppression of traditional practices and encouraged the use of modern medicine. However, people continued to rely on traditional healing practices alongside modern medicine.

In contrast, the warm mesic dry (Sudanian) woodlands of western Africa experience a longer wet period of about 4. In the semi-arid dry woodlands the rainy season is shorter (2 months) in eastern Africa and 4. Annual precipitation is lower (around 250mm) in the semi-arid areas of eastern Africa and higher (around 450mm) in southern Africa. Texturally they range from silt loam in eastern Africa to sandy loam in western Africa and the Zambezian dry forests and woodlands of southern Africa, and loamy sand in the KalahariHighveld area. Much of the area is low (under 750m altitude) and gently undulating, with a few higher areas such as the Jos Plateau in northern Nigeria. Locally it verges into Guineo-Congolian rainforest in both structure and species composition, while elsewhere, to the north, it can be difficult to separate from the warm mesic dry Isoberlinia woodlands. Stretching from the Atlantic coast in Senegal, it includes much of Mali, northern Ghana and northern Nigeria, to the southern Sudan and southwest Ethiopia. The major part of the vegetation is disturbed, consisting of open broad-leaved woodland to wooded grassland and bush fallow, often maintained by frequent fire. The moister southern portion, from Guinea to Nigeria, is typified by low woodland, rarely more than 5m high, of Isoberlinia doka, I. It has been likened to a depauperate miombo woodland, but without the Brachystegia and Julbernardia. To the drier north, the environment is marginal for agriculture and the microphyllous vegetation types are naturally more open, characterized by species of Acacia (especially Acacia laeta, A. Scattered remnant trees, such as baobab (Adansonia digitata) and Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) are common in the landscape. Eastern Africa Compared to western and southern Africa, the woodlands of eastern Africa are much less varied and it is difficult to separate them out. The typical sub-humid dry forests and mesic woodlands, so well represented in western and southern Africa, are very restricted in extent in eastern Africa. This comprises deciduous microphyllous bushland and thicket dominated by spiny species of Acacia and Commiphora. Other common woody plants include Grewia species, Balanites, and various members of the Capparidaceae family such as Boscia and Cadaba. The baobab tree (Adansonia) is also characteristic at lower altitudes towards the coast. Some of the most diverse vegetation is found in a narrow band along perennial or seasonal rivers, and on rocky outcrops and hills. True moist forest, outside the scope of this book, is found above 2000m on larger mountains, or lower down closer to the coast. Southern Africa the sub-humid dry forests of southern Africa mostly comprise forest or dense woodlands, much of which has now been reduced to wooded grassland or secondary grassland with scattered forest trees after destruction by humans and fire. The larger forest remnants have canopies about 25m high, but elsewhere this is only around 10m. Teak woodland is a deciduous broad-leaved dry forest or woodland type dominated by Baikiaea plurijuga, often called Zambezi Teak that occurs on Kalahari sands. This species, much valued for its hard heavy timber, is common, along with other valued timbers such as Pterocarpus angolensis, Guibourtia coleosperma and Schinziophyton rautanenii. Baikiaea woodland areas cover around 265,000km2 on the Kalahari sands of northwestern Zimbabwe, northeast Botswana, southwest Zambia, northeast Namibia and southeast Angola (Figure 2. This area is a mosaic of Baikiaea-dominant dry forest and woodland on the deeper sands, Burkea africana on shallower sands and a wide network of shallow valleys with seasonally wet grasslands called dambos or vleis. Many of these are associated with the headwaters of the Upper Zambezi and Kavango rivers. To the north and to the southeast in western Zimbabwe, Brachystegia spiciformis comes in, forming a transition to more typical miombo woodland. Although deciduous, Baikiaea itself can remain green long into the dry season owing to its ability to access moisture from deep in the soil profile. In the drier southeastern parts of the warm dry forest region open mixed (microphyllous and broad-leaved) acacia woodlands, dominated by Acacia (especially A. Other characteristic and useful species include Burkea africana, Terminalia sericea, Kirkia acuminata, Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia, Sclerocarya birrea and Ziziphus mucronata. Fruit trees and species with useful woods are more commonly found here than in the miombo or mopane woodlands. Fire is an important ecological feature, and a number of species are tolerant of it.