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O. Randall, M.B. B.A.O., M.B.B.Ch., Ph.D.

Associate Professor, Creighton University School of Medicine

They may be separated from triple phosphates, since 20 per cent, ammonium carbonate will dissolve these and not the latter. They occur as amorphous masses or as dumb-bells a little like CaOx, or large conThey are soluble in acetic acid with gas centric radiating spheres. This consists of an amorseen phous precipitate which under the microscope resembles sheets, often when one is not careful always to wipe off the outside of a pipette before making a preparation for microscopic examination. The old criterion for its presence was a large sediment of CaOx Yet it crystals, but this sedimentation does not depend so its much on solubility. The chief source of the CaOx is the food, certain vegetables, as beans, artichokes, beets, potatoes, and especially to- r. Although the most comes from the food, yet a certain amount is from tissue combustion, since some is present even in the urine of a starving person. Many consider oxalic acid a normal decomposition product of uric acid coll; others that glyco- and creatin are the oxalate formers. Bakhoven thinks that of the foods the carbohydrates are ***Klemperer and Tritschler, Berl. Among monary the diseases claimed to be accompanied by oxaluria are pul- tuberculosis, peritoneal tuberculosis, pernicious anaemia, leu- kaemia, in which condition the output is claimed to be 33. Jaksch considers it an independent disease, since it may be the only abnormality found. It is of interest that insurance companies now regard " oxaluria" as an early sign of nephritis. Klemperer and Tritschler consider all the acid phosphates aid in holding it in solution, the salts of sodium least, calcium more, magnesium most, and something depends on the absolute amount of CaOx. The crystals occur in two forms (i) the octahedral, which belong to the tetragonal system. These resemble double envelopes or prisms, and may be recognized from their appearance (CaC2043H20). They are insoluble in water, very Their cryslittle if any in acetic acid, but easily in any mineral acid. They may be found in acid, amphoteric, or weakly alkaline urine, and are sometimes present in the specimen when voided. They as they attracted considerable attention among the older pathologists, were supposed to cause an irritation which explained many of the symptoms and vicious habits of neurotic individuals. The shape of the octahedral forms is quite characteristic, and these cannot well be mistaken. Apart from their shape, their refractivity is very suggestive, and it is only on hasty examination that they could be mistaken for triple phosphate crystals, even when the latter are square and perfect, but single, pyramids. They may also be easily separated from these by their insolubility in acetic acid. A small amount of alcohol thymol solution is then added to inhibit bacterial growth. The precipitate after long standing, over twenty-four hours in a warm place, is washed several times by decantation, pouring the fluid through the filter, then the Wash as much as possible by decantation, precipitate brought onto the paper. The filtrate is evaporated in a porcelain dish on the water-bath to a small volume. Ammonia is then added in excess and the whole stained with a few drops of litmus, to be sure of the reaction. After long standing, at least twenty-four hours, the precipitate is brought onto an ashless filter paper. It is necessary to remove the crystals from the walls of the cylinder by rubbing well with a glass rod protected with a small piece of rubber tubing. The precipitate is then washed with water until it is chlorine-free, and then with acetic acid. The filter is then dried, burned in a platinum crucible at a dull red, then heated with a blast flame until at constant weight. Calcium oxalate is thus transformed to calcium oxide, 50 parts of which correspond to 90 parts of oxalic acid. They are difficultly They are more soluble in hot solution should be tested with BaCla, to make sure of sulphuric acid. This acid occurs rarely as a sediment, as milk-white, semitransparent, four-sided prisms and rods with ends of two to four planes.

Syndromes

• Fever
• Ulcerative colitis
• A diaphragm that does not fit properly
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• Fatigue
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The clot is separated from the walls of the tube by means of a sterile platinum needle and the separation of the serum is facilitated by centrifugalization. This is best done immediately after the clot has formed before it becomes too solid. The serum is removed from the tube by means of a sterile pipette, It is placed in a care being exercised not to get any blood-corpuscles with it. This inactivation consists in destroying the complement which the serum - contains. Complement is used ext-raneous source in order that the amount of complement introduced in all of the controls may be the same as that used in the test. Guinea-pig serum is convenient, however, and contains a relatively large amount of complement. A guinea-pig is anaesthetized, the carotid artery isolated, and opened and the blood collected in a sterile centrifuge tube. It is convenient to immunize rabbits to sheep, guinea-pig, beef, or fowl corThe rabbits may be inoculated intravenously with washed corpuscles, puscles. The haemolytic strength of the serum should now be tested as follows: Five or six days after the last injection, two or three cubic centimetres of blood are drawn from the ear vein of the rabbit, the serum separated and inactivated. Progressive dilutions of the serum are made, beginning with a dilution of perhaps one to ten and progressing by doubling up to one to eighty, then beginning with one to one hundred and progressing by hundreds up to one to two thousand. One cubic centimetre of each dilution is placed in a test tube and one cubic centimetre of a one to ten dilution of normal serum (complement) and one cubic centimetre of a 5 per cent, suspension of red corpuscles of the kind used in inoculating the rabbit are added to each tube. If the hnemolytic strength is not found sufficiently high, one may resort to an intraperitoneal injection of 4 or 5 cc. Oik- should not be satisfied with a serum which will not haemolyse completely in a dilution of one to four hundred, and a serum of greater strength is desirable. The upper ends of these tubes, which have previously been drawn out so as to form narrow necks, are now sealed off in the flame. If the technique has been aseptic the haemolytic serum may be preserved in a cool dark place for months. The following is one of the methods used in the laboratories of the Gesundheits-Amt in Germany for the conservation of immune sera. In performing the fixation of complement test, the haemolytic serum is used Thus, if one-half the maximum dilution in which haemolysis has occurred. After this the haemolytic serum and corpuscles are added and the tubes left in the incubator for two hours, at the end of which time the readings are made. It is customary to place the tubes in a refrigerator over night and make the readings after twelve to eighteen hours. One further control is desirable, although it is not necessary if all of the other results have been consistent. Inasmuch as it is impossible to say that equal quantities of the organs of two syphilitic foetuses will contain the same amount of On the other hand, used, the may be of a different strength, so that it may be necessary to determine by experiment the proper quantity of extract to use for each new lot made. The fixation of complement method seems a reliable and useful method of diagnosis for syphilis and certain of the parasyphilides as tabes, and general paresis, and is of great interest in confirming the luetic origin of these latter two diseases. The method further seems reliable as a diagnostic aid in typhoid, paratyphoid, colon infections, cholera, dysentery, gonorrhoea, and epidemic meningitis, and will doubtless be extended to other bacterial diseases. In the preceding pages it has been shown how, starting with a known antigen, one in the may determine the presence or absence of specific serum of a given individual. It will readily be seen that, starting with a serum known to contain certain amlxjceptors, one can apply the same principles, in determining amboceptors if a given extract contains the corresponding antigen. A is still further interesting application of the method is in determining the etiology of certain infectious diseases where the causattive factor in doubt. Extracts may be made of the supposed infective agent and the serum of patients suffering from the disease tested for the corresponding amboceptors. Finally it may be mentioned that other body fluids besides the serum may contain amboceptors. Our figures given the following pages accurate aerometer (see were determined gravi- metrically.

Roux maintains, however, that the ability of the organism to ferment the sugars is not an essential characteristic of the species. Bacilli with typical morphology, but which do not conform in their cultural reaction either non-pathogenic to animals, or with the diphtheria bacillus and which are do not produce typical lesions, may bacilli. This group certainly includes the pseudo-diphtheria bacillus of Hoffmann, the xerosis bacillus, and others. Basic fuchsin i part, absolute alcohol 10 parts, 5 per cent, the specimen may be covered with the concentrated carbolic acid, 100 parts. Bacillus fusiformis (Vincent) is a long slender bacillus often fusiform in shape, the ends being It is straight as a rule, but many are curved, and a few may be quite pointed. It is non-motile (disputed), decolorizes by Gram (disputed), is often beaded, and can be grown in pure culture (Weaver and Tunnicliflf, Jour, of Infect. In the mouth this organism is often but not always associated with a spirillum or spirochjete, which is from 15 to 25 microns long, shows from two to five spiral turns, is actively motile, is Gram negative, and stains so faintly that it is often overlooked. This is quite certainly a saprophyte which occurs in enormous numbers in the mouths of even healthy persons, and yet it is so frequently associated with Bacillus fusiformis that the two are supposed to be symbiotic and together to cause the ulcers. The number of these few much great over one hundred different forms have been them are those which are so constant that they are considered the natural mouth-flora, bacifli, spirilla, and various leptothrix and spirochrete forms, many of them huge, many showing grotesque involution forms, and all with one common characteristic, that they are very hard to cultivate. Certain it is that they aid decomposition of the exudate in these ulcers, and explain much of its bad odor. To accomplish this most patients need to be watched, and one must rely much on the attention of nurses and orderlies. In case we patient voids separate the urine of the day and the night, the former period extends from 6 A. It is very essential that a clean bottle be employed and some means used to prevent the very rapid bacterial action. There is no one preservative which is good in all cases, and the worker should choose his agent with reference to the use to which he expects to put the urine. For instance, for chemical work we usually use chloroform, enough so that several drops remain at the bottom. The bottle must be tightly corked or bacteria will certainly grow in the upper layers from which the chloroform is volatilizing. A person must be wary in a chemical examination of such an urine, since formalin is an active reducing body, and the diagnosis of glycosuria has been made. Other workers employ a dilute chloroform water or a saturated borax solution, adding one-fifth volume to the urine. For microscopical examination the if urine should be tested as early as possible after voiding, and, pos- add a without the addition of any preservative. The value of urinary diagnosis as a routine practice cannot be too strongly emphasized. About fifteen minutes are sufficient to find out the doctor or stuif anything unusual demands further attention. The unexpected is found quite often, and the perfectly healthy appearance of the patient is no guarantee that the urine will not clear up especially need this warning. A recent case one urine examination would have probably prevented an operation following which the woman went into diabetic coma and died. The limits of the amount of urine to be considered normal vary widely, both for individuals, and depending upon this, for different countries, especially those in which the customs are fairly uniform. In general it depends on the amount of water in the food and of solids in the blood, especially salts, to be excreted, their the limits usually given are excretion increasing the water output. That may be true for a country in which beerdrinking is very common it is, however, too high for others, as for For France this, where from 900 to 1200 are more common figures. In women the output the figures 900 to 1 500 are given (Becquerel) is slightly less than in men. The amount of urine also depends on the size of the person in an adult it is almost directly proportional to his weight. This is not true in the case of children, who excrete relatively more than do adults; newly born infants, from 150 to 200 cc. The extreme physiological limits, depending chiefly upon this, are from 800 to 3000 cc. The increased output reaches its maximum in from two to three hours after drinking a large amount of water, and is over in from five to six hours. Insensible and especially copious perspiration affects the amount of urine, which is therefore greater in cool weather than in hot.

Applicants assert that the Portfolio Transfers satisfy the criteria of section 17(b). They contend that, given that each Portfolio and its corresponding Partnership has similar investment objectives and policies, the Portfolios will attempt to assemble a portfolio of securities substantially similar to that held by the Partnerships. In addition, by acquiring suitable securities from the Partnerships, the Portfolios will avoid incurring brokerage and other transaction costs. Applicants contend that the Portfolio Transfers can be viewed as a change in the form in which the assets are held, rather than as a disposition giving rise to section 17(a) concerns. The Trust is registered as an openend management investment company under the Act. Each Asset Director Fund seeks to provide diversification among major asset categories. All three Asset Director Funds are designed to provide exposure to the growth potential of the stock market in varying degrees. A target mix and a defined range have been established for each asset category in each of the Asset Director Funds. A target mix, but not a defined range, has been established for each stock sub-category. Schwab is registered as a brokerdealer and transfer agent under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Applicants propose a fund of funds arrangement whereby each Asset Director Fund will invest in shares of portfolios of the following investment companies (the ``Underlying Portfolios'): Schwab Investments; the Charles Schwab Family of Funds; and the Trust. Investments also may be made in money market instruments for temporary defensive purposes and to maintain liquidity. In addition, any assets that are not invested in Underlying Portfolios shares will be invested directly in stocks, bonds, and other types of instruments, including money-market instruments. Although certain existing registered investment companies, or portfolios thereof, that are Schwab Funds do not presently intend to rely on the requested order, any such registered investment company, or portfolios thereof, would be covered by the order if they later proposed to enter into a fund of funds arrangement in accordance with the terms described in the application. For the Commission, by the Division of Investment Management under delegated authority. Applicants have agreed to file an amendment during the notice period, the substance of which is included in this notice. Applicants request an order permitting the Asset Director Funds to acquire shares of the Underlying Portfolios beyond the section 12(d)(1) limits. The restrictions in section 12(d)(1) were intended to prevent certain abuses perceived to be associated with the pyramiding of investment companies, including: (a) unnecessary duplication of costs. For the following reasons, applicants believe that the proposed arrangement will not create these dangers and, therefore, that the requested relief is appropriate. The proposed arrangement will not raise the fee layering concerns contemplated by section 12(d)(1). The proposed arrangement will not involve the layering of advisory fees since, before approving any advisory contract under section 15(a) of the Act, the board of trustees of the Trust, including a majority of the trustees who are not ``interested persons,' as defined in section 2(a)(19) of the Act, will find that the advisory fees charged under the contract are based on services provided that are in addition to , rather than duplicative of, services provided under any Underlying Portfolio advisory contract. The aggregate sales charges at both levels, therefore, will not exceed the limit that otherwise lawfully could be charged at any single level. Furthermore, the proposed arrangement will not involve the unnecessary duplication of administrative and other fees. Applicants expect that these expenses will be reduced at both levels under the proposed arrangement. Each Asset Director Fund will pursue a different investment strategy by investing in Underlying Portfolios that also pursue distinct investment strategies. The Asset Director Funds only will acquire shares of Underlying Portfolios that are Schwab Funds. The proposed arrangement, furthermore, will be structured to minimize large scale redemption concerns. The Asset Director Funds will be designed for intermediate and long-term investors. This will reduce the possibility of the Asset Director Funds from being used as short-term investment vehicles and further protect the Asset Director Funds and the Underlying Portfolios from unexpected large redemptions.