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Professor, Harvard Medical School

Further, pets who visit more than once may be learning information before the car enters the parking lot. Pets who rarely leave home like indoor cats may only ride in the car to go to "unpleasant" experiences like the veterinarian or groomer. Clean these areas frequently including scrubbing places where dogs may urine-mark. These urine messages can contain stress hormones that pass "danger data" on to incoming visitors before they ever get to the door. Dogs should be escorted into an exam room as soon as possible as long as the dog is amenable to this. Cats need a waiting area that is quiet and free from strangers and other pets (including other cats). Making sure the feline exam room is available as soon as feline patients enter is very helpful. Provide cubbies inside the room for hiding opportunities and allow the pet access to his or her carrier for hiding as well. Both the canine and feline pheromones can be used together, so exam rooms that serve both species can have a plug-in diffuser for each product. Both products are also available as a spray which should be applied to towels on the exam table or covering the pet carrier. Allow several minutes after application for the alcohol carrier to disperse before use. Muffling sounds, covering kennel doors to limit visual input and using frequent cleaning with good ventilation will all help. Take note what a pet sees from inside his or her kennel, from their perspective in the treatment room and during handling events, and from their perspective in the examination room. Take the initiative Understand classical conditioning and use it to your advantage. Pair necessary events with something the pet enjoys so that things like auscultation, temperature taking, physical examination, nail trimming, etc predict enjoyable stimuli like food, toys and play. Patients requiring serial blood draws can be taught to cooperate for voluntary treatment. Patients requiring medication at home such as pills, liquid, eye drops, ear medication or skin spray can be taught to cooperate for treatment as well. Voluntary veterinary behaviors and behavioral husbandry could take up an entire weekend of lectures all on its own! Remember that when the sight and smell of the ear cleanser bottle predicts a 3-man-otitis-rodeo, that patient with painful ears is much more likely to become upset next time. This is generally a result of a combination of classical conditioning and operant conditioning influencing behavior. While the decision about the appropriateness of chemical restraint always lies with the veterinarian, fostering a clinic culture where the behavioral needs of the patient are considered is crucial to long-term success with patients. The term corticosteroids is applied to hormones of the glucocorticoid class that are released from the adrenals. They help increase blood glucose levels by reducing glucose uptake in the cells, aid in gluconeogenesis and help to convert fatty acids back to glucose. The adrenals also produce aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid (affects "minerals" also known as electrolytes) which regulates acid/base function of the kidney. Adrenal insufficiency the production of mineralocorticoids and/or corticosteroids become decreased. The cause of the decrease can be from bacteria or parasitic agents (histoplasma, cryptococcus) causing inflammation in the adrenals, hemorrhage (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome due to massive sepsis), neoplasia, iatrogenic causes or may be idiopathic.

Diseases

• X-linked mental retardation Hamel type
• Kuster Majewski Hammerstein syndrome
• Brittle bone disease
• MPS VI
• Retinopathy, arteriosclerotic
• Callus disease
• Hyperbilirubinemia type 2
• Pyknoachondrogenesis
• Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, recessive form

Oil 315 316 Field Manual of Wildlife Diseases: Birds Chapter 43 Lead Synonym Plumbism Lead poisoning of waterfowl is neither a new disease nor a subject without controversy. The use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting within the United States has been prohibited and efforts are underway to ban the use of lead fishing sinkers and prohibit the use of lead shot for nonwaterfowl hunting. The first documented reports within the United States of lead-poisoned waterfowl were from Texas in 1874. Numerous other reports and studies added to those findings during the years and decades that followed. However, strong opposition to nontoxic shot requirements prevented full implementation of them until 1991. A full transition to nontoxic shot shells for all hunting and to nontoxic fishing sinkers and jig heads for fishing within the United States will not happen easily. The continued use of lead shot and lead fishing weights and the large amounts of these materials previously deposited in environments where birds feed assure that lead poisoning will remain a common bird disease for some time. Lead poisoning is common in mallard, northern pintail, redhead, and scaup ducks; Canada and snow geese; and tundra swan. The frequency of this disease decreases with increasing specialization of food habits and higher percentages of fish in the diet. A surprising recent finding has been lead poisoning in spectacled and common eiders on their Alaskan breeding range, where the intensity of hunting is far less than in the contiguous 48 States. These findings demonstrate that lead poisoning can afflict birds even without heavy hunting pressure. Among land birds, eagles are most frequently reported dying from lead poisoning. Lead poisoning in eagles and other raptors generally is a result of swallowing lead shot embedded in the flesh of their prey. With the exception of waterfowl and raptors, lead poisoning from ingesting lead shot is generally a minor finding for other species (Table 43. However, lead poisoning has been reported in partridge, grouse, and pheasants subjected to intensive shooting in uplands of Europe. Lead poisoning due to ingesting lead fishing weights has been reported in numerous species. The greatest number of reports are from swans as a group, common loon, brown pelican, Canada goose, and mallard duck. Laysan albatross chicks on Midway Atoll suffer high lead exposures and mortality from ingesting lead-laden paint chips flecking off of vacant military buildings. Cause Lead poisoning is an intoxication resulting from absorption of hazardous levels of lead into body tissues. Lead pellets from shot shells, when ingested, are the most common source of lead poisoning in birds. Other far less common sources include lead fishing sinkers, mine wastes, paint pigments, bullets, and other lead objects that are swallowed. Species Affected Lead poisoning has affected every major species of waterfowl in North America and has also been reported in a wide variety of other birds. The annual magnitude of lead poisoning losses for individual species cannot be precisely determined. However, reasonable estimates of lead-poisoning losses in different waterfowl species can be made on the basis of mortality reports and gizzard analyses. Within the United States, annual losses from lead poisoning prior to the 1991 ban on the use of lead shot for waterfowl hunting were estimated at between 1. Followup studies have not been conducted since the ban on lead shot to determine current losses from lead poisoning. This disease still affects waterfowl and other species due to decades of residual lead shot in marsh sediments, continued deposition from allowable use of lead shot during harvest of other species, noncompliance with nontoxic shot regulations, target shooting Distribution Losses occur coast-to-coast and border-to-border within the United States. Documented lead poisoning in birds varies widely between States and does not necessarily reflect true geographic differences in the frequency of occurrence of this condition. For example, although the geographic distribution of lead poisoning in bald eagles is closely associated with their wintering areas, the number of lead poisoning cases from Wisconsin and Minnesota is disproportionately high.

The drug class was banned from routine poultry use in 2005 after protracted legal challenges. Avoparcin is a drug that was widely used in Europe for growth promotion in animals, but not used in people. However, it was found to share resistance with a very closely related to and critically important human drug, vancomycin. Vancomycin is a powerful drug and is used only after treatment with other antibiotics has failed. In the countries where avoparcin was fed to livestock, animals had intestinal bacteria resistant to vancomycin as well. There are additional examples of such links between antibiotic use in livestock and poultry and human cases of antibiotic resistance. James Johnson, testifying today, is a prominent expert in the field of study connecting resistant urinary tract infections in women to resistant E. First, using antibiotics for growth promotion is an outdated practice and yields questionable benefits to farmers in modem agriculture. I) In Denmark, experts presumed that antibiotics produced a 10 percent feed efficiency advantage, based on data from the 1950s, but in modern agriculture, more recent studies have found almost no effect on feed efficiency. By way of example, one drug company supplies antibiotics in feed for 632 million chickens per year. On the contrary, rarely has food safety been shown to be adversely affected by decreasing the amount of nontherapeutic antibiotics given to food animals. Joshua Sharfstein confirmed in his House Rules Committee testimony last year, "Eliminating these [growth promotion and feed efficiency] uses will not compromise the safety of food. As a veterinarian, I know that appropriate antibiotic use - to treat sick animals or prevent the spread of infection in animals at heightened risk - can be beneficial to animal and human health. But just as surely, inappropriate uses, where there is no disease present, are contrary to human health practices. Many other public health veterinarians and farmers agree with these principles and some have asked that I submit statements on their behalf with my written testimony. It also is clear that antibiotics for animal use should be kept to the same standards used in human medicine. Antibiotics should be prescribed only to treat individuals and groups of animals exposed to disease. Over the counter use of antibiotics is not allowed in human medicine or for our pet dogs and cats and should not be allowed in food animal production. Efforts to prevent disease and maintain animal health and welfare should continuously be in place to reduce the need for routinely administered antibiotics. Veterinarians, together with farmers and ranchers, should be jointly responsible for the health of animals on a farm. It is not enough that veterinarians be involved with the mixing of antibiotics at the feed mill or at production company headquarters; they must regularly visit the animals and establish a proper veterinary-client-patient relationship. To help increase the number of large animal veterinarians available to do such work, Congress could consider legislation to incentivize entry into this field. The search tor solutions: As a veterinarian, when [look at antibiotic use in food animal production, I am dismayed. Today, these life-saving drugs can mask poor animal husbandry practices that lead to diseases that otherwise might not occur. An animal production system that requires regular antibiotic inputs to keep the animals from becoming sick is a flawed system. We have long recognized that routine use of antibiotics in humans leads to antibiotic resistance. We do not try to prevent outbreaks of human diseases using population scale antibiotic treatment except in extremely rare circumstances. Instead, we control infections using vaccination, hygiene and other public health interventions. Chairman, the Pew Campaign on Human Health and Industrial Farming was founded on the recommendations of a blue ribbon commission that cited the routine, non-therapeutic use of antibiotics on industrial farms as the number one public health problem created by these large operations. The Pew Commission on Industrial Farm Animal Production acknowledged that food animals will need to be produced in large-scale operations in order to feed Americans and others in the world as well as compete in the global marketplace. But it stated the current system utilizing routine low levels of antibiotics presented an unacceptable level of threat to public health and damage to the environment. To that end, I have just returned from a week-long fact-finding mission to Denmark to discover how they managed to successfully ban the nontherapeutic use of antibiotics in food producing animals in an industrial farm setting.

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