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Integrative temporo-spatial mineralogic spectro-scopic and proteomic analysis of postnatal enamel development in teeth with limited growth. Posttranslational amelogenin processing and changes in matrix assembly during enamel development. Recent advances in orthodontic dental retention methods: a review article Reliability and applicability of 3D measurements of posterior teeth. Reliability and validity of FluoreCam for white-spot lesion detection: An in vitro study. Role for the ventral posterior medial/posterior lateral thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex in affective/motivation pain induced by varicella zoster virus. Role for the ventral posterior medial/posterior lateral thalamus and anterior cingulate cortex in affective/motivation pain induced by varicella zoster virus Frontiers In Integrative Neuroscience 11:1-12. Specific inactivation of Twist1 in the mandibular arch neural crest cells affects the development of the ramus and reveals interactions with Hand2. The biomechanics of bony facial "buttresses" in South African australopiths: an experimental study using finite element analysis. M the immortalized mouse floxed Fam20c dental papillar mesenchymal and osteoblast cell lines retain their primary genotypes and phenotypes. Transgenic expression of Dspp partially rescued the long bone defects of Dmp1-null mice. Viewpoints: diet and dietary adaptations in early hominins: the hard food perspective. Bellinger is a world-renowned expert on the role of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in regulating ingestive behavior and body weight. These studies have led to a greater understanding of how gonadal hormones affect nociception. These studies have led to a greater understanding of how gonadal hormones affect nociception both periopherally and centrally. These projects have produced 157 peer-reviewed research publications and 219 abstracts. Bellinger has been asked to present his work numerous times, including several invited symposium talks in Japan, at the North American Association for the Study of Obesity, several Experimental Biology meetings, and the Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior, as well as at various universities in the United States. She is currently a tenured Associate Professor in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry. Journal of Investigative and Clinical Dentistry 2014 Date of Electronic Publication: 2014 Jul 22. Attenuation of myogenic orofacial nociception and mechanical hypersensitivity by viral mediated enkephalin overproduction in male and female rats. Distance-based permutation of inter-meal differences as a sensitive test of temporomandibular joint nociception in rats," J Appl Biobehav Res. G i protein functions in thalamic neurons to decrease orofacial nociceptive response. Dopamine receptor D2, but not D1, mediates descending dopaminergic pathway-produced analgesic effect in a trigeminal neuropathic pain mouse model. Increase of local field potential in the ventral posterior medical nucleus of the thalamus by activation of chemorhodopsin. Inhibition of thalamic neuronal activity in a rat increased the local field potential and attenuated the nociceptive response. Nociception related gene expression in the lateral thalamic region during the estrous cycle. Recorded lecture watching, not attendance, correlates positively with grade performance. Reduced estradiol increases orofacial nociception from Varicella-Zoster Infection in rats. Testosterone and nociceptive response in Varicella-Zoster Virus infection of rats. Total of career peered-review manuscripts is 160 and for abstracts is 222 for a grand total of 382. Bender earned his Doctorate of Dental Surgery degree from Baylor College of Dentistry in Dallas, Texas in 1986 and practiced general and comprehensive restorative dentistry for 14 years. He then studied orofacial pain and temporomandibular disorders at the Parker E Mahan Facial Pain Center at the University of Florida College of Dentistry. Bender maintained a private practice devoted to pain management of the head and face, as well as sleep disorders.

Training and other evaluation capacity building efforts need their own evaluation to ensure quality programs. None of the previously listed steps makes much of a difference unless the findings from sound evaluation are used to inform development of the next intervention. Evaluation serves not Looking to the Future 517 just the purpose of accountability but that of learning. Much is known about how to increase the likelihood of use of evaluation in the development evaluation context. The Future None of us has a crystal ball into which we can gaze to accurately predict the future. We can, however, develop informed views of the future trends and challenges for development evaluation. First and foremost, we see the continuing rise of monitoring and evaluation (M&E) in just about every developing country. An interesting development is study tours to developing countries to learn more about their M&E systems. We believe that similar efforts will occur not only in government ministries and offices but also in parliaments, foundations, churches, associations, other voluntary organizations, and the private sector. Its chief threat is death by overloaded monitoring indicator systems that are fed too much data, with the result that the level of effort is unsustainable. More problematic for development evaluation has been the issue of whether to perform external or internal evaluations and where, organizationally, to locate evaluation units. While monitoring systems and M&E staff members are clearly viewed as internal, evaluation has given more pause. This is a particularly important issue for those who start from scratch rather than from an inherited framework. Will development evaluation tend to be internal and a combined function for those managing results-based monitoring systems Or will development evaluation turn more to the strategy of the European Commission and favor contracting out evaluations to external individuals and firms If the evaluation is conducted externally but is funded by and under the general oversight of those who manage the program, it is an internal evaluation and should not be deemed independent. An independent evaluation function may be located inside a development organization (an example is the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank Group). Wherever it is located, however, the independent evaluation unit will need to formally assess its attainment of the principles of independence, using a rating scale such as that presented in chapter 1. Development of Evaluation Capacity Increased demand for M&E must go hand in hand with the building of evaluation capacity. An evaluation function that relies on a few external experts is not likely to meet long-term needs. We predict a continued increase in evaluation capacity building efforts in developing countries. Development of evaluation capacity encompasses multiple actions to build and strengthen M&E systems in developing countries. It encompasses many related concepts and tools, including capacities to keep score on development effectiveness, specification of project and program objectives and result chains, performance information (including basic data collection), program and project M&E, beneficiary assessment surveys, sector reviews, and performance auditing (Kusek and Rist 2004; Mackay 2007). Evaluation capacity development assists countries in determining where to start in building evaluation capacity (box 15. Various diagnostic instruments have been developed (see, for example, World Bank 1999]. Genesis of the existing M&E system: role of M&E advocates or champions, key events that created the priority for M&E information (for example, election of reform-oriented government, fiscal crisis). The ministry or agency responsible for managing the M&E system and planning evaluations. Incentives for stakeholders to take M&E seriously (strength of demand for M&E information). Possible existence of several uncoordinated M&E systems at the national and sectoral levels. The public sector environment and whether it makes it easy or difficult for managers to perform to high standards and to be held accountable for their performance.

This takes the agenda beyond forests to all terrestrial ecosystems, grasslands, wetlands, and even agro-ecosystems. Essentially it is conservation on a planetary scale: managing the living planet to make the planet more habitable for humans and all forms of life. Rapid global warming is responsible for abiotic changes such as receding of glaciers and increase in wildfires. Climatic change has affected breeding date of tree swallows throughout North America. Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climatechange-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, in press. Poleward shifts in geographic ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Climate warming and the rainforest birds of the Australian wet tropics: using abundance data as a sensitivity predictor of change in total population. Long-term population trends in population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climate change. Murphy In a famous passage in the concluding chapter of the Origin of Species, Darwin (1859, 1964) invites the reader to "contemplate an entangled bank, clothed with many plants of many kinds, with birds singing on the bushes, with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth" and "reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent on each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. Within weeks the blackened savanna trees are covered in green shoots emerging from thick bark, woody juveniles are resprouting from root stocks, and herbivores are drawn to grass shooting from grow- ing tips buried beneath the surface soil (Figure 9. In this chapter we will show that the very same evolutionary and ecological principles that Darwin espoused in that brilliant passage relate to landscape fire. This is so because fire is enmeshed in the evolution and ecology of terrestrial life, including our own species. This perspective is deeply challenging to the classical view of the "Balance of Nature" that is still held by a broad cross-section of ecologists, naturalists and conservationists, most of who have trained or live in environments where landscape fire is a rare event, and typically catastrophic (Bond and Van Wilgen 1996; Bond and Archibald 2003). Only in the past decade have books been published outlining the general principles of fire ecology (Whelan 1995; Bond and Van Wilgen 1996) and journals established to communicate the latest findings in fire ecology and Figure 9. Note the flowering Livistona palm and the strong resprouting response of juvenile woody plants on the still bare ground surface. The long history of exposure of terrestrial life to fire leads to the idea that fire is an important evolutionary factor, and more controversially, that fire and life have coevolved (Mutch 1970). While gaining some support from modeling (Bond and Midgley 1995), this is difficult to prove because adaptations to fire cannot be unambiguously identified in the fossil record. For example, in many fireprone environments, seeds are often contained in woody fruits that only open after a fire event, a feature known as serotiny. However, woody fruits may also be a defense against seed predators such as parrots, and seeds are released once mature, irrespective of fire (Bowman 2000). In most cases it is impossible to know if fossilized woody fruits are truly serotinous, thus woody fruit occurrence is not clear evidence of an adaptation to fire. For example, microevolution can result in switching from possible fire-adaptations, such as the serotinous state. More problematic for understanding the evolution of flammability, Schwilk and Kerr (2002) have proposed a hypothesis they call "genetic niche-hiking" that flammable traits may spread without any "direct fitness benefit of the flammable trait". Insights into the evolution of flammability have been gained by tracking the emergence of highly fire-adapted lineages such as Eucalyptus. Eucalypts are renowned for their extraordinarily prolific vegetative recovery of burnt trunks via epicormic buds (Figure 9. Recently, Burrows (2002) has shown that eucalypt epicormics are anatomically unique. Unlike other plant lineages, which have fully developed dormant buds on the trunks, eucalypts, have strips of "precursor" cells that span the cambium layer that, given the right cues, develop rapidly into epicormic buds. The advantage of this system is that should the trunk be severely burnt the tree retains the capacity to develop epicormic buds from cells protected in the cambium. At the most basic level fire can be considered a physiochemical process that rapidly releases energy via the oxidation of organic compounds, and can be loosely considered as "anti-photosynthesis".

Then for each word position w in the document n we sample a topic zw from the topic distribution. The parameters of the model are the word distributions for each topic, and the parameters of the topic distribution. Latent Dirichlet Allocation discussed below is an example of such a mixed membership model, and is one of a number of models developed in recent years [4, 91]. In contrast, Latent Dirichlet Allocation[44] and related methods are generative mixed membership models in which each datapoint may belong to more than a single cluster. A single document contains a sequence of words, for example v = (the, cat, sat, on, the, cat, mat) (20. The number of words Wn in each document can vary although the overall dictionary from which they came is fixed. The aim is to find common topics in documents, assuming that any document could potentially contain more than one topic. It is useful to think first of an underlying generative model of words, including latent topics (which we will later integrate out). We first sample a probability distribution (histogram) that represents the topics likely to occur for this document. Then, for each word-position in the document, sample a topic and subsequently a word from the distribution of words for that topic. Mathematically, for n n document n and the wth word-position in the document, vw, we use zw {1. For each topic k, one then has a categorical distribution over all the words i = 1. For each document n we have a n distribution of topics n with K k = 1 which gives a latent description of the document in terms of k=1 its topic membership. Unfortunately, finding the requisite marginals for learning from the posterior is formally computationally intractable. Efficient approximate inference for this class of models is a topic of research interest and both variational and sampling approaches have recently been developed[44, 273, 225]. The top words from four resulting categorical distributions i k are illustrated fig(20. An example document from the corpus is presented along with the words coloured by the most probable latent topic they correspond to . Here we focus on analysing a representation of the interactions amongst a collection of objects; in particular, the data has been processed such that all the information of interest is characterised by an interaction matrix. For graph based representations of data, two objects are similar if they are neighbours on a graph representing the data objects. In the field of social-networks, for example, each individual is represented as a node in a graph, with a link between two nodes if the individuals are friends. Discovering such groupings contrasts with graph partitioning in which each node is assigned to only one of a set of subgraphs, fig(20. Our board felt that we had a real opportunity to make a mark on the future of the performing arts with these grants an act every bit as important as our traditional areas of support in health, medical research, education and the social services, Hearst Foundation President Randolph A. Lincoln Centers share will be $200,000 for its new building, which will house young artists and provide new public facilities. The Juilliard School, where music and the performing arts are taught, will get $250,000. The Hearst Foundation, a leading supporter of the Lincoln Center Consolidated Corporate Fund, will make its usual annual $100,000 donation, too. This demonstrates the mixed-membership nature of the model, assigning the datapoint (document in this case) to several clusters (topics). Another example is that nodes in the graph represent products and a link between nodes i and j indicates that customers who by product i frequently also buy product j. The aim is to decompose the graph into groups, each corresponding to products that are commonly co-bought by customers[116]. A growing area of application of graph based representations is in bioinformatics in which nodes represent genes, and a link between them representing that the two genes have similar activity profiles. The interaction of user u with film f can be described by the element of a matrix Muf representing the rating a user gives to a film.