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The ventricles bear major responsibility for pumping blood from the heart to the lungs and all other body organs. Abnormalities of heart valves can be detected more accurately by auscultation than by electrocardiography. Multimedia Resources: See Appendix B for Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors. Anatomical charts of human arteries and veins or a 3-D model of the human circulatory system Anatomical charts and/or 3-D models of the following specialized circulations: pulmonary circulation, hepatic portal circulation, arterial supply to the brain and cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis), fetal circulation 24 compound microscopes, lens paper, lens cleaning solution 24 prepared microscope slides showing cross sections of an artery and a vein Advance Preparation 1. Set out anatomical charts and/or models of human arteries and veins and the human circulatory system. Set out prepared slides of cross sections of arteries and veins, lens paper, and lens cleaning solution. Identify each; and on the lines to the sides, note the structural details that enabled you to make these identifications: artery (vessel type) vein (vessel type) open, circular lumen (a) somewhat collapsed lumen (a) thick tunica media (b) thinner tunica media (b) Now describe each tunic more fully by selecting its characteristics from the key below and placing the appropriate key letters on the answer lines. The blood pressure in veins is low and often the blood is flowing against gravity. Skeletal muscle "milking action" and changes in thoracic cavity pressure during breathing. Why are the walls of arteries proportionately thicker than those of the corresponding veins? Provides an alternate set of pathways for blood to reach brain tissue in case of impaired blood flow anywhere in the system. The anterior and middle cerebral arteries arise from the internal carotid the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Trace the pathway of a drop of blood from the aorta to the left occipital lobe of the brain, noting all structures through which it flows. Aorta subclavian artery vertebral artery basilar artery posterior cerebral artery occipital brain tissue. Trace the pathway of a carbon dioxide gas molecule in the blood from the inferior vena cava until it leaves the bloodstream. Name all structures (vessels, heart chambers, and others) passed through en route. Inferior vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle pulmonary (semilunar) valve pulmonary trunk right or left pulmonary artery lobar artery pulmonary capillary beds in lungs air sacs (alveoli) of lungs. Trace the pathway of oxygen gas molecules from an alveolus of the lung to the right atrium of the heart. Alveolus alveolar/capillary walls pulmonary vein left atrium mitral valve left ventricle aortic (semilunar) valve aorta systemic arteries capillary beds of tissues systemic veins superior or inferior vena cava right atrium. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood to the lungs, whereas the pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left heart. How do the arteries of the pulmonary circulation differ structurally from the systemic arteries? They have relatively thin walls, reflecting the fact that the pulmonary circulation is a low pressure bed. The liver is the key body organ responsible for maintaining proper blood concentrations of glucose, proteins, etc. The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of (a), which drains the, pancreas greater curvature of the stomach distal large intestine via the inferior mesenteric vein, and, superior mesenteric small intestine ascending and (b), which drains the and colon gastric. The vein, which drains the lesser curvature of the stomach, empties directly into the hepatic portal vein. Trace the flow of a drop of blood from the small intestine to the right atrium of the heart, noting all structures encountered or passed through on the way.

At the end of the exhalation, the bandhas can be released to make space for the next inhalation. Through these actions, maintaining the key elements of the prana or energy of the inhalation, keep the experience of the breath as centered in your heart, and imagine the exhalation moving upward through the core of the body, rather than feeling a collapse downward. The exhalation should be smooth, comfortable and relaxed, without any feeling of gripping or drop. After one or more rounds of the breath with this mudra, sit quietly to feel and enjoy the quality of both breath and mind. The subject matter of yoga is the Self (as it is called in the texts of yoga), not as an object of study to be described or explained, but as a pure, unmediated, lived experience. Yogic scriptures describe the experience of this Self as the experience of our true heart, the hridaya. This heart is not a location in the body, and certainly not an organ, but an experience and unique self-awareness that arises through the devotional passion to know this divine heart, the effort to know and understand through yogic practice, and through grace, the Self-revelation of the Divine. The virtues and qualities that are the central themes of our yogic practice are expressions of who we are and of whom we more fully become the more we know and honor our own divine heart, our true Self. In yoga, the Self is not revealed or illumined by the mind or any intellectual process; nor is it enough simply to believe in it. The Self is known by its own shining-forth, Self-revealed in all that we do and are. This Self-revelation of the Divine comes in a moment of recognition that is a gift freely given. The moment when the scales fall from our eyes and we recognize inwardly the presence of the God within our hearts is the moment of Grace in its purest sense. The mystic schools of each religious tradition in the world agree that this quest to know God through knowing our innermost self is the essence and key to the spiritual path. Francis is said to have put it, "The One you are looking for is the one who is looking. We taste the essential nature of the Self when our mind falls silent and we feel fully at peace, at ease, content yet brimming with quiet joy in the state of just being. For an overview of yogic thought concerning the quest to know the Self in the various schools of philosophy culminating in Tantra and its practices relevant to hatha yoga, as well as an historical perspective on the development of hatha yoga as a spiritual discipline seeking the Self, please see my book, the Heart of the Yogi. The yogic science of the chakras will be set in philosophical, historical and practical context in the Heart of the Yogi; at present here it is enough to put the inner work with the chakras in asana practice in the context of the Anusara principles. This will help establish an understanding of the deeper work that takes place through work with the asanas, and how the heart qualities embodied in the chakras are unfolded and expressed through asana. Within us, prana is the moving force behind sensation and activity, the fire of the metabolism, the carrier of thought, and the force of will. Prana dispels impurities from the body, maintains the health of the body, and its essential nature is lightness and joy. A smooth and unobstructed flow of prana is needed if we are to concentrate; moreover, a healthy and natural flow of prana restrains the mind from taking interest in undesirable objects or unhealthy pursuits. Prana is lost to a certain extent with each exhalation; just as we take Prana in through the breath, we also breathe out what we are not able to assimilate or retain. The yogic practice of pranayama is designed to minimize the loss of prana through exhalation, so that prana can be increased in the body. Prana is also depleted in other ways through our activities and emotions; by excessive exercise, in times of strong emotion, and through excessive speech, the emission of semen, the process of childbirth, and the elimination of waste from the body. Notice that the experience of spending our prana can in some cases be exhilarating. Yet after it is spent we feel exhausted and depleted, and take some time to recover. Yogic disciplines of moderation and self-control are meant to minimize the depletion of prana as well as to assimilate and store prana. As the Prana operates within the body to maintain life, it performs distinct functions and receives specific names according to the form and specific function that it performs. There are 49 prana vayus or types of vayu in the body; ten of these are directly responsible for mental and physical activities.

Urine contains dissolved solutes, which are not found in distilled water and add to the density of the sample. Explain the relationship between the color, specific gravity, and volume of urine. Generally, the smaller the volume, the greater the specific gravity (more solutes/volume) and the deeper the color. A microscopic examination of urine may reveal the presence of certain abnormal urinary constituents. Name three constituents that might be present if a urinary tract infection exists. Several specific terms have been used to indicate the presence of abnormal urine constituents. Identify each of the abnormalities described below by inserting a term from the key at the right that names the condition. Glucose and albumin are both normally absent in the urine, but the reason for their exclusion differs. The presence of abnormal constituents or conditions in urine may be associated with diseases, disorders, or other causes listed in the key. Multimedia Resources: See Appendix B for Guide to Multimedia Resource Distributors. Set out slides of the penis, epididymis, seminal vesicles, uterine tube, and uterus showing endometrium (proliferative phase). Set out lens paper and lens cleaning solution, and have compound microscopes available. If you are not planning to do Exercise 43, you may wish to include the microscopic studies of the testis and ovary described there in this laboratory session. The peristaltic movements propel sperm/seminal fluid from the epididymis through the ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, and urethra. Identify all indicated structures or portions of structures on the diagrammatic view of the male reproductive system below. Urinary bladder Seminal vesicle Ductus (vas) deferens Ampulla of ductus (vas) deferens Penile urethra Ejaculatory duct Prostate Bulbourethral gland Corpus cavernosum Penis Corpus spongiosum Epididymis Glans penis Testis 3. A common part of any physical examination of the male is palpation of the prostate. How might enlargement of the prostate interfere with urination or the reproductive ability of the male? Constriction of the urethra at that point may lead to nonpassage of urine or semen. Why are the testes located in the scrotum rather than inside the ventral body cavity? Testes are located in the scrotum to provide a slightly cooler temperature necessary for sperm production. Describe the composition of semen, and name all structures contributing to its formation. Sperm and the alkaline secretions of the prostate, seminal vesicles (also containing fructose), and the bulbourethral glands. Connective tissue sheath (extension of abdominal fascia), ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels. Using the following terms, trace the pathway of sperm from the testes to the urethra: rete testis, epididymis, seminiferous tubule, ductus deferens. Mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, vaginal and urethral openings, hymen, and greater vestibular glands. On the diagram below of a frontal section of a portion of the female reproductive system, identify all indicated structures. Uterine (fallopian) tube Suspensory ligament Ovarian ligament Fimbriae Fundus of uterus Mesovarium Perimetrium Endometrium Myometrium Round ligament of uterus Cervix Mesometrium (broad ligament) Vagina Ovary 13. May occur when the uterine tubes are blocked (prevents passage) or when the egg is "lost" in the peritoneal cavity and fertilization occurs there. Put the following vestibular-perineal structures in their proper order from the anterior to the posterior aspect: vaginal orifice, anus, urethral opening, and clitoris. Each of these lobes contains one to four seminiferous tubules rete testis, which converge to empty sperm into another set of tubules called the.

Students are encouraged to practice these strength training exercises with a partner and help each other work on negative pull-ups for support. Each student is also enrolled in a weight training unit each year and is encouraged to work on the same muscles designed to improve upper body strength (including lat pull-down exercises which are the prime movers in these tests). Approximately 80% of these low back problems are due to weak and/or tense muscles. Physical inactivity can also contribute to the risk factors that promote back problems. This means that these problems can be reduced or limited through improved physical fitness. Physical inactivity contributes to a loss of flexibility for the lower back and the hip flexors. Sitting for long periods of time promotes a sedentary existence which will result in a loss of flexibility. Individuals with a sedentary lifestyle who perform occasional physical labor are at high risk for developing back problems. Physicians prescribe specific trunk and thigh flexibility exercises - stretching - for their patients with lower back problems, supporting the value of stretching exercises to prevent low back problems. Flexibility is evaluated by having students perform the sit and reach test, which measures the flexibility of the hamstring muscles and the lower back. Flexibility is practiced each day by having students perform appropriate stretching exercises during the pre-activity warm-up. The only way to improve flexibility is to have the participants utilize "static stretching" each day in class. This type of stretching incorporates slow, relaxed stretching, with a comfortable breathing pattern so that, over time, the individual learns how to stretch properly. Flexibility is defined as the ability to move muscles and joints through their full range of motion. Physical Education Resource Book 13 Body Composition: the human body can be divided into two parts: lean weight (muscle, bone, and internal organs) and fat weight. Low levels of activity, resulting in fewer calories used than consumed, contribute to the high incidence of obesity in the United States today. Obesity is associated with many risk factors of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes. Reversal of these risk factors can be achieved by reducing an individuals total body fat. Exercise along with proper diet by observing good nutritional principles relating to lowering personal consumption of saturated fats, sweets, and excessive calories are important lifestyle changes that individuals must make. Body Composition is discussed as a component of physical fitness and students are not required to be evaluated in this area, since it is a personal matter. If a student chooses to be evaluated, a physical education instructor will use Futrex, a body fat calculator, to measure his/her body composition. The concept of body composition is discussed in detail during the Freshmen Wellness Concepts curriculum, a three week unit regarding the guidelines for a healthy lifestyle. Body Composition is defined as the division of total body weight into two parts: lean muscle mass and fat weight. Set up a regular schedule and work out every day or at least 3 - 5 times per week. Overload: For a muscle to get stronger increased demands must be placed upon the body. This increased stress causes the body to adapt or adjust and consequently an improvement in physical condition will take place. The number of times per day or week that an activity is performed can be increased. Time - Increasing the length of a training session or the duration of the exercise session. For example, aerobic exercises will not develop flexibility and stretching exercises will not make you stronger.

Due to the different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus, isotopes vary by nuclear/atomic weight (Brown et al. For instance, isotopes of carbon include carbon 12 (12C), carbon 13 (13C), and carbon 14 (14C). Carbon always has six protons, but 12C has six neutrons whereas 14C has eight neutrons. Most isotopes in nature are considered stable isotopes and will remain in their normal structure indefinitely. However, some isotopes are considered unstable isotopes (sometimes called radioisotopes) because they spontaneously release energy and particles, transforming into stable isotopes (Brown et al. The process of transforming the atom by spontaneously releasing energy is called radioactive decay. This change occurs at a predictable rate for nearly all radioisotopes of elements, allowing scientists to use unstable isotopes to measure time passage from a few hundred to a few billion years with a large degree of accuracy and precision. It is created when nitrogen 14 (14N) interacts with cosmic rays, which causes it to convert to 14C. Carbon 14 in our atmosphere is absorbed by plants during photosynthesis, a process Understanding the Fossil Context 251 Figure 7. Though 14C is an unstable isotope, plants can use it in the same way that they use the stable isotopes of carbon. That means that in 5,730 years, half the amount of 14C will have converted back into 14N. Because the pattern of radioactive decay is so reliable, we can use 14C to accurately date sites up to 50,000 years old. However, as long as an organism is alive and taking in food, 14C is being replenished in the body. We can then use the rate of decay to measure how long it has been since the organism died (Hester et al. For instance, at the Iron Age site of Wetwang Slack in East Yorkshire, England, a selection of burials across the site were dated directly with 14C. By choosing a range of burials, archaeologists were able to identify the length of time the cemetery was used as well as different phases of use (Dent 1982). Because 252 Understanding the Fossil Context we can assume that any artifacts found with the bodies were placed there at the time of burial, we can estimate the age of the artifacts even though the bones were the only things directly dated. As you will see in the hominin chapters, 50,000 years is only a tiny fragment of human evolutionary history. Potassium-argon (K-Ar) dating and argon-argon (Ar-Ar) dating can reach further back into the past than radiocarbon dating. Used to date volcanic rock, these techniques are based on the decay of unstable potassium 40 (40K) into argon 40 (40Ar) gas, which gets trapped in the crystalline structures of volcanic material. The K-Ar method dates the layers around the fossil to give approximate dates for when that fossil was deposited. As you will see in later chapters, it is particularly useful in dating early hominin sites in Africa (Michels 1972, 120; Renfrew and Bahn 2016, 155). Fission track dating is another useful dating technique for sites that are millions of years old. The fission takes a lot of energy and causes damage to the surrounding rock (see Figure 7. Researchers in the lab count the number of fission trails using an optical microscope. As 238U has a half-life of 4,500 million years, it can be used to date rock and mineral material starting at just a few decades and Figure 7. They are dating the layers around the artifacts in which they are interested (Laurenzi et al. Luminescence dating, which includes thermoluminescence and a related technique called optically stimulated luminescence, is based on the naturally occurring background radiation in soils. Pottery, baked clay, and sediments that include quartz and feldspar are bombarded by radiation from the soils surrounding it. Electrons in the material get displaced from their orbit and trapped in the crystalline structure of the pottery, rock, or sediment.