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Comparing Adjusted Geometric Means differences in exposure, pharmacokinetics, or the relationship of dose per body weight. Finding a measurable amount of cesium in urine does not mean that the level of cesium causes an adverse health effect. Whether cesium at the levels reported here is a cause for health concern is not yet known; more research is needed. These urinary cesium data provide physicians with a reference range so that they can determine whether or not people have been exposed to higher levels of cesium than levels found in the general population. These data will also help scientists plan and conduct research about exposure to cesium and health effects. Geometric mean levels of urinary cesium for the demographic groups were compared after adjusting for the covariates of race/ethnicity, age, gender, log serum cotinine, and urinary creatinine (data not shown). It is unknown whether these differences associated with age or race/ethnicity represent Table 13. Cesium (creatinine corrected) Geometric mean and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (in µg/g of creatinine) for the U. Cesium in urine (creatinine corrected) Selected percentiles with 95% confidence intervals of urine concentrations (in µg/g of creatinine) for the U. It is also emitted into the environment from burning coal and oil and from car and truck exhaust. Cobalt may be released into the systemic circulation of patients who receive joint prostheses that are fabricated from cobalt alloys (Lhotka et al. Exposure in the workplace may come from electroplating, the refining or processing of alloys, the grinding of tungsten carbidetype, hard-metal cutting tools, and the use of diamondpolishing wheels containing cobalt metal. Cobalt is a magnetic element that occurs in nature either as a steel-gray, shiny, hard metal or in combination with other elements. Among its many uses are the manufacture of superalloys used in gas turbines in aircraft engines, hard-metal alloys (in combination with tungsten carbide), blue-colored pigments, and fertilizers. It is also a component of porcelain enamel applied to steel bathroom fixtures, large appliances, and kitchenware. Cobalt compounds are used as catalysts in the production of oil and gas and in the synthesis of polyester and other materials. Cobalt compounds are also used in the manufacture of battery electrodes, steel-belted radial tires, automobile airbags, diamond-polishing Table 14. Cobalt Geometric mean and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (in µg/L) for the U. A nutritional requirement for cobalt not contained in dietary cobalamin has not been established. Human studies with 60Co administered as soluble cobalt chloride have measured oral absorption ranging from approximately 1% to 25% (Smith et al. Once absorbed and distributed in the body, cobalt is excreted predominantly in the urine and to a lesser extent in the feces. Elimination reflects a multicompartmental model dominated by compartments with half-lives on the order of several hours to a week, but with a minor fraction (10% to 15%) exhibiting a half-life of several years (Smith et al. Lung retention of cobalt compounds of low solubility, such as cobalt oxide, may be prolonged, with some fractions exhibiting pulmonary clearance half-lives of 1-2 years (Hedge et al. Recent inhalation exposure to soluble cobalt compounds may be monitored effectively by measuring cobalt in Table 15. Cobalt compounds are a recognized cause of allergic contact dermatitis (Dickel et al. Occupational exposure to cobalt-containing dusts has caused occupational asthma (Shirakawa et al. The extent to which cobalt exposure alone causes interstitial lung disease is unresolved (Swennen et al. Other case reports have suggested a link between occupational cobalt exposure and cardiomyopathy (Jarvis et al. Geometric mean and selected percentiles of urine concentrations (in µg/g of creatinine) for the U.
No significant age interactions were found in any of the working hour characteristics. Conclusion: Unsocial working hour characteristics are consistently associated with frequent work-life conflict. While there have been multiple sleep interventions developed to help young adults improve sleep duration and quality, these interventions have had only modest success. This may be because the way young adults think about sleep, including their willingness and ability to change sleep behaviour, is unknown and thus interventions do not address areas that young adults are willing to change. Using focus group data, and founded in behaviour change theory, we designed an web-based sleep intervention, which included a smartphone app for self-monitoring of sleep behaviour. The 4-week intervention included daily selfmonitoring of sleep and fatigue, weekly access to an online survey with tailored feedback, and the completion of survey measures at baseline, completion, and 12-week follow-up. To date, only two participants have completed the intervention condition, whereas n=11 have completed the control condition. Discussion: these preliminary findings indicate that young adults may be willing to complete a sleep intervention if it requires minimal input and behavioural monitoring. During evolution living beings have adapted not only to a spatial niche but also to a temporal one, anticipating sun light and darkness. Throughout the centuries, our ancestors moved around settling in different environments with distinct photoperiods. The adaptation to new temporal niches was possible due to the plasticity of the circadian temporal system. Nevertheless, urbanization and electrical light became a new challenge for humankind. Artificial (electrical) light has increased the time of waking that may have an effect on sleep duration, timing, and quality. Although systematic reviews have shown conflicting evidence of reduced sleep duration in past decades, a recognized cause has been reduced time spent outdoors and reduced natural light exposure. An increase of artificial light exposure in the evening delays sleep onset, thus altering sleep timing. In summary, increased artificial light exposure as well as delayed sleep onset might lead to insufficient sleep. Studies comparing workers with electrical light at home with those without have helped to understand how sleep can be affected by availability of light. According to the World Health Organization, 70% of the human population will be living in urban areas in 2050, which is a challenge to deal with. Shift workers may be strongly affected by excessive artificial light exposure as well as natural light exposure reduction. However, such evaluations have rarely been conducted using intervention study designs with a comparable control group, objective data, and longitudinal (time series) data. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the effec-tiveness of ergonomic work hour recommendations using actual data on work hours and sickness absence over 8 years from a steel production plant which changed the shift schedule for a part of their workers. Methods: Daily data on actual work hours and sickness absence (aggregated to monthly data) in the years 2006 - 2014 was ana-lyzed in 3 groups of workers: 1) Control group (remain in the old 4-group schedule), n 1000 per month 2) Intervention group before change (will change into the new schedule but are still in the old schedule), n 500 per month 3) Intervention group after change, n 500 per month Sickness rates were calculated by dividing actual sick days by 100 planned work days to adjust for the different work hours/week in control and intervention group. Results: Descriptive analyses showed an increase in sickness rates in all groups, which was mostly due to the increasing age during the study period. Thus, overall sickness rates were lower and did not increase as strongly in the intervention group with the new schedule. Conclusion: this study supports ergonomic recommendations regarding work hour reduction and a more favourable shift pattern. Page 44 0068 "Working in the Middle of the Night": What is the optimal number of consecutive night shifts? Marie Aarrebo Jensen1, Еse Marie Hansen2,1, Jesper Kristiansen1, Kirsten Nabe-Nielsen2, Anne Helene Garde1,2 1National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2University og Copenhagen, Copenhagem, Denmark Background: Night work is associated with a large range of health problems. When night work is inevitable an important question is therefore, if there is an optimal way to organize it? What is better - many consecutive night shifts and thus few changes in diurnal rhythms or few consecutive night shifts and thus more changes in diurnal rhythms?
Evaluation of knit glove fabrics as barriers to dermal absorption of organophosphorus insecticides using an in vitro test system. How would military hospitals cope with a nuclear, biological, or chemical disaster? Bringing order out of chaos: Effective strategies for medical response to mass chemical exposure. Health care facility-based decontamination of victims exposed to chemical, biological, and radiological materials. Responding to and managing casualties: Detection, personal protection, and decontamination. Messages in the dust: What are the lessons of the environmental health response to the terrorist attacks of September 11? Weapons of mass destruction events with contaminated casualties: Effective planning for health care facilities. Protective effects of clothing on the in vitro absorption of chemical warfare agents. Efficacy of topical phenol decontamination strategies on severity of acute phenol chemical burns and dermal absorption: In vitro and in vivo studies in pig skin. In vitro dermal absorption of methyl salicylate, ethyl parathion, and malathion: First responder safety. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Centers for Bioterrorism Preparedness Program Pediatric Task Force. Unexpected nerve gas exposure in the city of Matsumoto: Report of rescue activity in the first sarin gas terrorism. Clinical review: Tokyo - protecting the health care worker during a chemical mass casualty event: An important issue of continuing relevance. The Tokyo subway sarin attack: Disaster management, Part 1: Community emergency response. There is no cold zone: the hazardous materials zone model and mass terrorism chemical weapons events. Prepared for: Canadian Safety and Security Program, Centre for Security Science, Defense Research and Development Canada, & Emergency Management British Columbia. The effect of evacuation on the number of victims following hazardous chemical release. Recent developments in response to threats posed by chemical and biological warfare agents. Decontamination issues for chemical and biological warfare agents: How clean is clean enough? Triage, monitoring, and treatment of mass casualty events involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear agents. Evaluation of diethyl malonate as a simulant for 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) in shower decontamination of the skin. Mediating the social and psychological impacts of terrorist attacks: the role of risk perception and risk communication. Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science, 10 (1), 77-88. Simulated exposure of hospital emergency personnel to solvent vapors and respirable dust during decontamination of chemically exposed patients. Symptom-based, algorithmic approach for handling the initial encounter with victims of a potential terrorist attack. Implications of chemical biological terrorist events for children and pregnant women. Prehospital management of sarin nerve gas terrorism in urban settings: 10 years of progress after the Tokyo subway sarin attack. Personal decontamination after exposure to simulated liquid phase contaminants: Functional assessment of a new unit. United States Army Research, Development and Engineering Command, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, and Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear School. Guidelines for cold weather mass decontamination during a terrorist chemical agent incident. Implementation plan for the national health security strategy of the United States of America. Occupational safety and health guidance manual for hazardous waste site activities.
Marcela Pejchalovб, University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Studentskб 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic, E-mail: marcela. David Silha, University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Studentskб 573, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic, E-mail: david. Lipophilicity, chemical structure, the presence of bioactive groups and functional groups in their structure modifies biological activity and toxic potency of trichothecenes. For this reason, limits have been established designating maximum levels of mycotoxins in cereals while maintaining proper growing practices. Appropriate nutritive media were prepared with different concentration of tested disinfectants (Desanal A plus, ProCura spray and Guaa-Pool) and were inoculated using Fusarium strains. Desanal A plus prevented Fusarium growth and production of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol at the concentration 10%. Lower contentration of disinfectants that not prevented growth of Fusarium caused higher production of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol. The experiment showed that the variability in the production of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol depended on the Fusarium strain used, concentration of disinfectants and temperature of cultivation. T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol (trichothecene mycotoxins) produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium (F. Contamination of cereals with mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species is a worldwide problem (Vasatkova et al. Fusarium species contaminate the crops and embryonic tissue of seeds with spores during their growth and development (Thammawong et al. They influence reproduction, prevent maturation of oocytes, disrupt of protein synthesis and affect intracellular regulators. The exposition to trichothecene mycotoxins can result in liver damage, damage to endocrine and nervous systems (Crrepy, 2002; Hussein a Brasel, 2001; Pestka et al. Trichothecene mycotoxins (trichothecenes) are the largest group of mycotoxins occurring around the world. They can be produced by taxonomically dissimilar genera of fungi, such as Fusarium, Cryptomela, Dendrodochium, Trichothecium, Hypocrea, Trichoderma, Phomosis, Cylindrocarpon, Stachybotrys and Myrothecium (Desjardins, 2006; Li et al. These are polycyclic sesquiterpenoids containing an 12,13-epoxy ring that is responsible for their toxicity. On the basis of the presence of or absence of characteristic functional groups they can be classified into four types A-D. Trichothecenes type B is different from the type A due to the presence of the carbonyl group at the C-8 position. In terms of toxicity trichothecene mycotoxins of type A are more dangerous than type B. Trichothecene mycotoxins of type C (crotocin, baccharin) have a second epoxy group between C-7 and C-8 or C-9 and C-10. Mycotoxin production can be affected by temperature, humidity, type of substrate, and applications of fertilizer and fungicidal agents (Haidukowski et al. Mold growth and production of mycotoxins can be avoided by proper choice of disinfectants. The problems in the use of disinfectants in food industry must be in the processing of food. If mycotoxins are already produced, they are usually not influenced by technological processing. Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin and other are highly stable. Breweries worldwide had and still have problems with gushing when barley contains mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. Second step is preventing the occurrence using of different disinfectants in malt-houses (Blбkovб et al. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different disinfectants on production of T-2 toxin and deoxynivalenol. Disinfectants Desanal A plus (Mica, Ceskб Tebovб, Czech Republic) · used concentrations: 3, 5, 7 and 10% the concentration recommended by the manufacturer is 7-10%. It is an alkaline disinfectant on the basis of active chlorine and the surfactant that contains 5% of NaClO. Cultivation of Fusarium in the presence of disinfectants the monitoring of the Fusarium mycotoxins production in the presence of disinfectants was performed as follows: tested concentrations of different disinfectants were added into the Malt agar.