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The psychodynamic approach is the flip side of the coin, and looks at the underlying irrational processes and dynamics governing human behavior. Indeed, much of what we do, whether we want to admit it or not, is guided by deep-seated experiences and patterns that are first mapped out in early infancy, through our experiences with early caregivers. We carry these patterns subconsciously into our adult and working lives, and they color our interactions with those we work with-superiors, peers, and followers alike. Only in understanding ourselves and our drivers, and in turn turning our analytic gaze to deciphering the motivations and behaviors of others around us, can we truly understand the complexity of the system in which we live and work. The psychodynamic approach not only provides us with better self-knowledge, but this knowledge can also be used in our interface with other organizational actors in a way that allows us to shape, influence, and leverage organizational dynamics. Projective identification in the consulting relationship: Exploring the unconscious dimensions of a client system. The systems psychodynamics of organizations: Integrating the group relations, psychoanalytic, and open systems perspectives. Struggling with the demon: Perspectives on individual and organizational irrationality. The leader on the couch: A clinical approach to changing people and organizations. Vision without action is a hallucination: Making strategy implementation a reality. Transformational leadership development programs: Creating long-term sustainable change. The functions of social systems as a defence against anxiety: A report on a study of the nursing service of a general hospital. Human Relations, 13, 95121; reprinted in Containing anxiety in institutions: Selected essays (Vol. Some social and psychological consequences of the longwall method of coal getting. The need to have enemies and allies: From clinical practice to international relationships. The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. The chapter is intended not as an "ethical leadership theory," but rather as a guide to some of the ethical issues that arise in leadership situations. Probably since our cave-dwelling days, human beings have been concerned with the ethics of our leaders. Our history books are replete with descriptions of good kings and bad kings, great empires and evil empires, and strong presidents and weak presidents. But despite a wealth of biographical accounts of great leaders and their morals, very little research has been published on the theoretical foundations of leadership ethics. There have been many studies on business ethics in general since the early 1970s, but these studies have been only tangentially related to leadership ethics. Even in the literature of management, written primarily for practitioners, there are very few books on leadership ethics. This suggests that theoretical formulations in this area are still in their infancy. One of the earliest writings that specifically focused on leadership ethics appeared as recently as 1996. It was a set of working papers generated from a small group of leadership scholars, brought together by the W. These scholars examined how leadership theory and practice could be used to build a more caring and just society. The ideas of the Kellogg group are now published in a volume titled Ethics, the Heart of Leadership (Ciulla, 1998). On the academic front, there has also been a strong interest in exploring the nature of ethical leadership (see Aronson, 2001; Ciulla, 2001, 2003; Johnson, 2011; Kanungo, 2001; Price, 2008; Trevino, Brown, & Hartman, 2003). Ethics Defined From the perspective of Western tradition, the development of ethical theory dates back to Plato (427347 b. The word ethics has its roots in the Greek word ethos, which translates to "customs," "conduct," or "character.
Defining Sexual Harassment Sexual harassment is more easily recognized than defined. Copyright © 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer 225 Although these guidelines do not carry the force of law, they do "constitute a body of experience and informed judgment to which courts and litigants may properly resort for guidance" (General Electric Co. Whatever definition one chooses for sexual harassment, the basic elements remain the same. Harassment constitutes a threat in that the victim may be required to comply sexually or suffer a consequence. In other circumstances the threat may take the form of ongoing harassment that interferes with work by making the atmosphere intimidating and unpleasant. The courts have identified these two aspects respectively as quid pro quo harassment and hostile environment harassment. Quid pro quo harassment is the more easily recognized of the two because the threat is designed to produce a specific result. Hostile environment harassment is more difficult to define because it may stem from what Bem and Bem (1970) have called a "nonconscious ideology. Before attempting to change such behavior, managers must understand the extent and dynamics of such harassment. The Extent of the Problem Early studies of sexual harassment used nonrandom samples of large populations (Crull, 1982; Safran, 1976). Other researchers have randomly sampled the workplace to investigate sexual harassment more accurately (Jensen & Gutek, 1982). Copyright © 1998 Jossey-Bass/Pfeiffer harassed, the majority of women who were harassed were between the ages of sixteen and nineteen. Tangri, Burt, and Johnson (1982) describe this as personal vulnerability and note that dependence on the job greatly increases the incidence of harassment. Most harassers of women were older, were married, and were more likely to be coworkers than supervisors. Serious forms of harassment, however, were more likely to come from a supervisor than a coworker. Included in this figure were costs for training new employees, costs of treating the health problems of the harassed employees, and the costs of absenteeism and lost productivity. If the psychological, social, and physical effects on harassment victims do not create sufficient interest for intervention, the economic costs of harassment must. Psychological and Sociological Explanations the traditional view of sexual harassment of women involves the belief that harassing behavior is biologically based-that men cannot help themselves. Men and women are socialized to roles that attribute more power to men than to women. Sexual harassment on the job is an inappropriate and exaggerated extension of stereotyped social roles. Sexual harassment occurs because of socialization, stereotypes, and traditional organizational structures. Women traditionally were socialized to be polite, passive, and submissive; men were socialized to be more aggressive. As Hyde (1980) and others point out, behavior is evaluated differently for males and females. This coincides with the finding that 67 percent of men and only 20 percent of women report that they would be flattered by harassment (Gutek, 1985). The term "sex-role spillover" refers to the transfer of gender-role expectations to the workplace, even though those expectations are irrelevant or inappropriate to the job (Gutek & Morash, 1982). For example, sex-role spillover involves behaviors such as expecting women to make and serve coffee, to run errands, or to act "motherly" or "wifely. This type of spillover is most likely to occur in situations in which women work in low-status jobs. In high-status or male-dominated jobs, spillover is less likely; women tend to do the same tasks as men. Instead there is more likely to be an attempt to put women in their place by restoring traditional roles.
This stimulus however might not be sufficient to stabilize the economy if downside risk materializes. Domestic risk lies on political instability in the runup to the 2020 Presidential elections, institutional weaknesses, and political constraints to implement reforms of the judiciary and the regulatory environment. Fragile economic conditions and low productivity levels are exacerbated by high footprint of the state in the economy, shrinking fiscal space, low financial intermediation and governance challenges. Additionally, as shown by the ongoing drought episode, the economy is highly vulnerable to extreme weather. On the supply side, the lockdown measures have halted industrial production and trade activities while a severe drought has impacted agriculture. The fiscal stance has deteriorated due to a decline in revenues by almost 3 percent and increase in spending by 3. Health sector and social protection amounted to about 50 percent of total spending as of July 2020. With mounting financing needs, the public and publicly guaranteed debt increased from 27. While uncertainty remains, key components of aggregate demand are expected to suffer significant declines. Assuming no additional restrictive measures domestically and more favorable external conditions in the region, a slow upturn of the economy is envisaged starting in late 2020/early 2021. In the medium term, growth is expected to stabilize below potential as uncertainty weighs in on economic activity. The current account deficit is projected to remain higher than historical averages as external demand and remittances remain subdued. Falling disposable income, large output gap, low energy prices along with moderate appreciation, will outweigh the bad agricultural yield and accommodative fiscal and monetary inflationary pressures. Fiscal deficits are also expected to remain higher than historical averages in the 2020-21. The scaling up and modification of social interventions, including through increased support to vulnerable groups and extension of unemployment benefit coverage to returning migrant workers and former informal sector workers, is likely to temper the effects of the crisis on poverty. With unilateral euroization, Montenegro relies on fiscal policy and structural reforms to respond to the economic fluctuations. The latter reflect a key development constraint: the lack of a private sector level playing field due to , among other, weak institutions to safeguard competition and anti-corruption. These macro vulnerabilities translate into significant micro vulnerabilities with fewer jobs, declining income, rising poverty, and social impacts on children and families. They would enable more inclusive, private-sector led growth and efficient service delivery to citizens. The economy is projected to contract by about 12 percent in 2020, the deepest recession in decades. The crisis has reversed the employment gains and poverty reduction in recent years though crisis mitigation measures have prevented even worse impacts. Available highfrequency indicators suggest only a sluggish recovery in June, as both retail trade and industrial production contracted by 22 percent y-o-y, while foreign tourist overnight stays were at only 3 percent of last year. Gross fixed capital formation Net exports 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 Upper middle-income pov. In response to the crisis, the Central Bank introduced loan repayment moratoria, loans restructuring, and lowered reserve requirements. By June, exports and imports of goods and services contracted by 32 and 19 percent, respectively. By July, central government revenues declined by 12 percent y-o-y, while central government expenditures increased by 11 percent y-o-y. Before the elections, the Parliament adopted amendments to the Pension law, resulting in additional fiscal costs over the medium term. Given the large fiscal imbalances and worsening financial market conditions amid the global recession, Montenegro may need to adjust public spending. Outlook the uncertainty is high, and Montenegro faces both fiscal and external risks. The total output loss due to the crisis is projected to be fully recovered only in 2022 when the economy is projected to grow 4. The expected completion of the construction of the priority section of the motorway in 2021 is projected to push investment in that year but attenuate total investment in 2022.
As the method is stability-indicating one, it can be used to determine the purity of the drug available from various sources by detecting the related impurities. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the impurities present in the drug 6 500 450 400 350 300 (a. Raghubabu, "Development of new analytical method for determination of raloxifene hydrochloride in formulations based on charge-transfer complex formation," International Journal of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol. Sivasubramanian, "New spectrophotometric determination of raloxifene hydrochloride in tablets," Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol. Anilkumar, "New sensitive spectrophotometric methods for the determination of raloxifene hydrochloride in pharmaceuticals using bromate-bromide, methyl orange and indigo carmine," E-Journal of Chemistry, vol. Ravi Kumar, "Spectrophotometric determination of raloxifene hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations," E-Journal of Chemistry, vol. Mrhar, "Development and validation of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for determination of raloxifene and its metabolites in human plasma," Journal of Chromatography B, vol. The stability-indicating nature of the method has been proved by establishing peak purity and confirming the mass balance of all samples by subjecting them to stress conditions like hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, and thermal degradation studies. The method validation results indicate that the method has acceptable specificity, accuracy, linearity, precision, robustness, and high sensitivity with detection limits and quantitation limits ranging from 0. The effectiveness of the technique was demonstrated by analysis of different bulk sample of Memantine hydrochloride. Introduction Memantine hydrochloride is a 1-amino-3,5-dimethyladamantane derivative developed by Merz co. Memantine helps people with dementia to think more clearly and perform daily activities more easily [13]. Thus, we felt a need of a simple, suitable, accurate, and stabilityindicating method for the quantification of memantine and its impurities in bulk and formulation samples. An ideal stability-indicating method is one that quantifies the standard drug alone and also resolves its degradation products. The guidelines explicitly require the conduction of forced decomposition studies under a variety of conditions, like pH, light, oxidation, dry heat, and so forth, and separation of the drug from degradation products. The establishment of purity of chromatographic peak in stressed samples is essential for the validation of the chromatographic method. This is particularly important when developing a stability-indicating method for determination of impurities. Sometimes this concept is not useful as there are often no spectral data available for the impurity. Complexities involved in development of method are extraction of impurities in presence of salts, selection of suitable diluents for gas chromatographic analysis, and proving stability-indicating nature of the method. However, in order to analyze compounds using gas chromatography, the compounds must have a high enough vapor pressure to allow them to be volatilized prior to interaction with the chromatographic column. Gas chromatography is a highly efficient, sensitive method used to analyze complex mixtures of substances and nonchromophoric impurities. The method reported here may find utility both in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries, and it may potentially be applied to the purity/impurity analysis of other pharmaceutical product analysis. The investigated sample of memantine hydrochloride and its potential process-related impurities (Figure 1) were received from synthetic laboratory of Megafine Pharma (P) Ltd, Nashik, India. In addition, analytical reagent grade chloroform and sodium hydroxide were purchased from Merck, (Mumbai, India). The output signal was monitored and processed using Ezchrome Elite software version 3. The column oven was programmed as follows: initial column oven temperature, 90 C; hold for 5 min, and increased to 250 C at the rate of 10 C/min; hold for 10 min. All the samples used for method development and validation were prepared volumetrically. A solution of memantine hydrochloride was prepared at a concentration of 50 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL in the chloroform for related substances determination and assay determination, respectively. The individual stock solutions of each impurity at concentration of about 375 g/mL (impurities Imp-A, B, and C) were prepared in chloroform and diluted further adequately to study the validation attributes. The resultant final diluted solutions were separately transferred into different 125 mL separating funnel. Collected the lower chloroform layer into another different 125 mL separating funnel and washed the organic layer by 20 mL water washing to remove the inorganic salts and allowed the layers to separate. Collected the washed lower chloroform layer in 25 mL volumetric flask containing about 2.