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While the EdCamp idea is considered a collaborative professional development model, one can easily see the translation to the personalized construct where teachers bring their classroom needs and learn from each other. The Gates Foundation has found the model so compelling that they are investing two million dollars. The first question to ask is whether the term "professional development" captures the essence of what is being proposed through self-directed or individualized professional learning. While the EdCamp structure is intriguing, there is no evidence, as yet, on the impact of that model on individual classrooms. There are myriads of papers presented at conferences, published in journals, and presented as roadmaps for successfully guiding teachers toward innovative curricula and/or teaching methods. And yet, experts continue to lament the discrepancies between research-based programs and those implemented traditionally in schools. Is the problem a lack of distribution of ideas, lack of funding in schools, or perhaps something else We do not know the definitive answer to that question, but there are many examples of good program design to choose between. Across the literature reviewed for this chapter, one idea runs throughout: teachers working collaboratively with critical colleagues while also pursuing self-directed learning to support renewal, new learning, over time. The operative terms are all related to active engagement in commonly held goals for the betterment of all students. But with all the change comes skepticism, waiting for the next change or innovation to come through the door. Rogers (2003), in his book Diffusion of Innovations, proposed that for an innovation (or change) to be accepted in a school or classroom, teachers must have knowledge of the innovation, have interest in exploring the innovation, be able to evaluate the innovation before trying it out, implement it in the classroom, and, finally, fully integrate and promote the innovation to others. From the above stages, these five criteria would come into play with evaluating and trying out the innovation. Looking at the five criteria above, the social aspect of schools comes through with peers demonstrating to peers what works, how it works, and why it works. As noted above, change is difficult, and for teachers, change is a constant in their lives from new curricula, new leadership, new students, and more. Knowles said adults expect new knowledge to have an immediate impact on their lives, not to be used only in the future when it seems needed. Further, Knowles noted the most important motivation for adult learners was interest, examples being wanting a promotion, changing jobs, or being evaluated on job performance. Load is then defined as the social and self-demands to maintain autonomy of life (McClusky, 1970). Thus, an appropriate "margin" is needed for the adult to be motivated to learn. For over half of these teachers, the impact was found up to seven years post professional development. During the whole-group Saturday sessions, teachers were encouraged to bring their own experiences and expertise into the conversation. What all had in common was a lack of knowledge for how to incorporate computer solutions into their daily classrooms. Prior knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes were embraced and used as starting points for growth. The teachers were afforded time and support to develop a level of confidence through experiences as appropriate for their classrooms. Outcomes were important in discussions, as the school district implemented a common curriculum with regularly scheduled benchmark assessments, designed to match the competencies being addressed over a six-week period of instruction. As noted, each teacher used his or her new knowledge and skills to meet the needs of their own classroom. When observed three months later, she showed me how she was entering her grades by computer, and her students showed me their projects for a social studies lesson on the United States. She created individual folders for each child on the computer and a schedule for each to have appropriate time during the day to gather their information. In education, the members at the periphery are student teachers and novice teachers. These tools provide vehicles for teachers by which self-regulated, individualized learning can happen with or without the support of school leadership.
Diseases
- Colonic atresia
- Limb transversal defect cardiac anomaly
- Arachnoiditis
- Yaws
- Phocomelia ectrodactyly deafness sinus arrhythmia
- Aplasia/hypoplasia of pelvis, femur, fibula, and ulna with abnormal digits and nails
- Behcet syndrome
Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. Vitamin D supplementation and fracture incidence in elderly persons: a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Influence of the vitamin D-binding protein on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. In vitro metabolism of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol by isolated cells from Human decidua. Elevated parathyroid hormonerelated peptide associated with lactation and bone density loss. Maternal-Foetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium, and lactation. Dietary calcium and vitamin D intake in elderly women: effect on serum parathyroid hormone and vitamin D metabolites. International Perspective: Basis, need and application of recommended dietary allowances. Williams syndrome: an historical perspective of its evolution, natural history, and etiology. Therefore, a complex antioxidant defence system normally protects cells from the injurious effects of endogenously produced free radicals as well as from species of exogenous origin such as cigarette smoke and pollutants. Should our exposure to free radicals exceed the protective capacity of the antioxidant defence system, a phenomenon often referred to as oxidative stress (2), then damage to biologic molecules may occur. There is considerable evidence that disease causes an increase in oxidative stress; therefore, consumption of foods rich in antioxidants, which are potentially able to quench or neutralise excess radicals, may play an important role in modifying the development of such diseases. Vitamin E is the major lipid-soluble antioxidant in the cell antioxidant defence system and is exclusively obtained from the diet. The term "vitamin E" refers to a family of eight naturally occurring homologues that are synthesised by plants from homogentisic acid. All are derivatives of 6-chromanol and differ in the number and position of methyl groups on the ring structure. The four tocopherol homologues (d-, d-, d-, and d-) have a saturated 16carbon phytyl side chain, whereas the tocotrienols (d-, d-, d-, and d-) have three double bonds on the side chain. There is also a widely available synthetic form, dl-tocopherol, prepared by coupling trimethylhydroquinone with isophytol. This consists of a mixture of eight stereoisomers in approximately equal amounts; these isomers are differentiated by rotations of the phytyl chain in various directions that do not occur naturally. Any of the synthetic all-rac-tocopherol (dl-tocopherol) should be multiplied by 0. On donating the hydrogen, the phenolic compound itself becomes a relatively unreactive free radical because the unpaired electron on the oxygen atom is usually delocalised into the aromatic ring structure thereby increasing its stability (3). Elevated levels of lipid peroxidation products are associated with numerous diseases and clinical conditions (4). Although vitamin E is primarily located in cell and organelle membranes where it can exert its maximum protective effect, its concentration may only be one molecule for every 2000 phospholipid molecules. A 122 Chapter 9: Vitamin E this suggests that after its reaction with free radicals it is rapidly regenerated, possibly by other antioxidants (5). Absorption of vitamin E from the intestine depends on adequate pancreatic function, biliary secretion, and micelle formation. Conditions for absorption are like those for dietary lipid, that is, efficient emulsification, solubilisation within mixed bile salt micelles, uptake by enterocytes, and secretion into the circulation via the lymphatic system (6).
The selenium in a variety of mushrooms appears to be of uniformly low availability to rats. China China India India Finland United Kingdom Keshan Disease- LowLow-income (45) (46) disease free income conventional area (18) area vegetarian diets (43) (18) diets (43) Total diet 7. Criteria for assessing selenium requirements Levander (84) convincingly illustrated the impracticability of assessing selenium requirements from input-output balance data because the history of selenium nutrition influences the proportion of dietary selenium absorbed, retained, or excreted. The changing equilibria when selenium intake is varied experimentally yield data which are of limited value for estimating minimal requirements. Such discrepancies reflect differences in the usual daily selenium intakes of the experimental subjects and the extent to which this was changed experimentally. This situation, not unique to selenium, emphasises the importance of basing requirement estimates on functional criteria derived from evidence describing the minimum levels of intake which, directly or indirectly, reflect the normality of selenium-dependent processes. New opportunities for the development of biochemical indexes of selenium adequacy such as those listed in Table 47 have yet to be exploited. A detailed review of 36 reports describing serum selenium values in healthy subjects indicated that they ranged from a low of 0. It was suggested that mean values within this range derived from 7502 apparently healthy individuals should be regarded tentatively as a standard for normal reference. This survey clearly illustrated the influence of crop management on serum selenium level; in Finland and New Zealand, selenium fortification of fertilisers for cereals increased serum selenium from 0. A summary of these data in Table 51 also includes representative mean serum selenium values within the range of 0. More recent studies suggest that the variability of selenium intake from diets for which the selenium content has been predicted rather than measured may be substantially greater than estimated previously (Table 49 [47] and Table 50). These comprehensive biochemical and clinical studies showed that Keshan disease did not occur in regions where the mean intake of selenium by adult males or females was greater than 19. This recommendation may well have been implemented judging from recent increases in the selenium content of infant formulas (61). Others, contesting this view, have attempted to predict the increase of dietary selenium needed for pregnancy by factorial estimation of the likely quantity of selenium incorporated into the tissues of the foetus (47, 86). If, as appears to be a reasonable assumption, the selenium content of this protein resembles that of a skeletal muscle, growth of these tissues could account for between 1. As is evident from Table 49 the selenium content of human milk is sensitive to changes in maternal dietary selenium. As implied by the data in Tables 48, 49 and 50, agricultural growing practices, geologic factors, and social deprivation enforcing the use of an abnormally wide range of dietary constituents may significantly modify the variability of dietary selenium intakes. This report (44) stresses that the signs and symptoms of human overexposure to selenium are not well defined. Common clinical features are hair loss and structural changes in the keratin of hair and of nails, the development of icteroid skin, and gastrointestinal disturbances (93, 94). These foods were grown in selenium-rich (seleniferous) soil from specific areas in China (95). A positive association between dental caries and urinary selenium output under similar circumstances was reported (96, 97).
Snake Root (Senega). Vivanza.
- What is Senega?
- How does Senega work?
- Dosing considerations for Senega.
- Are there safety concerns?
- Asthma; emphysema; bronchitis; swelling (inflammation) of the throat, nose, and chest; and other conditions.
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