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The petal tissue contained relatively low concentrations of all of the above-mentioned volatile compounds. Although current populations were quite isolated from one another, this is likely to be a recent event due to a number of factors, such as over-picking, frequent fires, and land clearing for agriculture. It is possible that as populations have become more isolated, the movement of pollinators could be restricted to individual populations or a few close populations. This would result in distant populations becoming more genetically isolated over time. Populations in close proximity may remain genetically similar not only due to pollen transfer but also water flow which could wash seeds down river from one population to another. There are many environmental factors which may affect flower color, oil content, and plant vigor. In dense forest where canopy cover and shade levels were high, monoterpene hydrocarbons were produced in lower quantities. A number of essential oil species have decreased yields when they are grown under shade. In peppermint (Mentha piperita) high oil yield, including the production of limonene, results from high light intensity (Clark and Menary 1980). Reduced oil production occurs under low radiation in Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis) (Duriyaprapan and Britten 1982). In contrast to our results, experiments by Bussell (1996) showed that 70% shade cloth (30% of. Although the genetic material used by Bussel (1996) was different, the shade levels much higher and the plants grown under cultivation, these differences highlight the need to further investigate the influence of shading. Anthocyanins contribute to red flower color and anthocyanin production in many species is modified by light quality and intensity. Plant age, vigor, and flower color affected the concentration of oil components in B. Unfortunately concentrations of oil components produced by seedlings was not a good indication of production in the adult plant. This reduces the possibility of screening seedling material for high quality oil in a breeding program. Apart from these trends flower color does not appear to be a useful tool in selecting plants with high oil quality. Boronia heterophylla plants with a range of solid and striped flower colors, and plants which flower outside the usual two-week flowering period were identified. Plants will need to be examined in cultivation to determine if these characteristics are genetically controlled. Plants will also need to be assessed for their ability to produce numerous high quality stems and withstand the substantial pruning at harvest. Selected plants with these attributes will increase the colour range and harvest period. Natural pollination of boronias requires the presence of a pollinator moth and her movements tend to ensure out-crossing. Thus the remaining plants probably contain most of the original genetic diversity. Boronias can be manually self and cross pollinated (Plummer and Considine 1995) and a breeding program has commenced.

Pesticide residues in the aquatic environment of banana plantation areas in the North Atlantic zone of Costa Rica. Environmental factors and ecophysiological processes along altitudinal gradients in wet tropical mountains. Effects of irrigation on fine root biomass and production, litterfall and trunk growth in a semideciduous lowland forest in Panama. Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine megaherbivore. Community and phylogenetic structure of reproductive traits of woody species in wet tropical forests. Ethnobotany of woody species in second-growth, old-growth, and selectively logged forests of northeastern Costa Rica. Rates of change in tree communities of secondary tropical forests following major disturbances. Effects of climate and stand age on annual tree dynamics in tropical secondgrowth rain forests. Evidence of currently-used pesticides in air, ice, fog, seawater and surface microlayer in the Bering and Chuckchi Seas. Evaluating the "rich-get-richer" mechanism in tropical precipitation change under global warming. The utility of digital aerial surveys in censusing Dipteryx panamensis, the key food and nesting tree of the endangered great green macaw (Ara ambigua) in Costa Rica. The response of tropical forests to current and future climate and atmospheric composition. Edaphic and human effects on landscape-scale distributions of tropical rain forest palms. Landscape scale variation in forest structure and biomass in a tropical rain forest. Edaphic factors and the landscape-scale distributions of tropical rain forest trees. Hyperspectral discrimination of tropical rain forest tree species at leaf to crown scales. Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics. Interpolating, extrapolating, and comparing incidence-based species accumulation curves. Tropical forests and the global carbon cycle: impacts of atmospheric carbon dioxide, climate change and rate of deforestation.

Weidman Groff, the longan is less important to the Chinese as an edible fruit, more widely used than the lychee in Oriental medicine. Description the longan tree is handsome, erect, to 30 or 40 ft (9-12 m) in height and to 45 ft (14 m) in width, with rough-barked trunk to 2 1/2 ft (76. The evergreen, alternate, paripinnate leaves have 4 to 10 opposite leaflets, elliptic, ovate-oblong or lanceolate, blunt-tipped; 4 to 8 in (10-20 cm) long and 1 3/8 to 2 in (3. The pale-yellow, 5- to 6-petalled, hairy-stalked flowers, larger than those of the lychee, are borne in upright terminal panicles, male and female mingled. The flesh (aril) is mucilaginous, whitish, translucent, somewhat musky, sweet, but not as sweet as that of the lychee and with less "bouquet". The seed is round, jet-black, shining, with a circular white spot at the base, giving it the aspect of an eye. Origin and Distribution the longan is native to southern China, in the provinces of Kwangtung, Kwangsi, Schezwan and Fukien, between elevations of 500 and 1,500 ft (150-450 m). Groff wrote: "The lungan, not so highly prized as the lychee, is nevertheless usually found contiguous to it. It is rarely found growing along the dykes of streams as is the lychee but does especially well on high ground near ponds. There is not so large a demand for the fruit and the trees therefore more scattered although one often finds attractive groups of lungan. It is commonly grown in former Indochina (Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam and in Taiwan). The longan was introduced into Florida from southern China by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1903 and has flourished in a few locations but never became popular. A tree planted at the Federal Experiment Station in Mayaguez, Puerto Rico, was 10 ft (3 m) high in 1926, 23 ft (7 m) in 1929. A longan tree flourished in the Atkins Garden in Cuba and seedlings were distributed but found to fruit irregularly and came to be valued mostly for their shade and ornamental quality. In Hawaii, the longan was found to grow faster and more vigorously than the lychee but the fruit is regarded there as less flavorful than the lychee. This variety did not excel in size but the flesh was crisp, sweeter than in other varieties, the seed small and the dried flesh, after soaking in water, was restored almost to fresh condition. The skin is rough, the seed large, some of the juice is between the rind and the flesh, and the quality is low. The fruit is large for the species, the seed is small, and the flesh is aromatic, sweet and spicy. One hundred or more air-layers have been brought by air from Hawaii and planted at various locations in southern Florida and in the Bahamas. The longan appears in these regions more often but it, too, cannot stand heavy frosts. On the other hand, after a long period of cool weather over the 3 winter months, with no frost, longan trees bloom well. Soil the longan thrives best on a rich sandy loam and nearly as well on moderately acid, somewhat organic, sand. After drying in the shade for 4 day, they should be planted without delay, but no more than 3/4 in (2 cm) deep, otherwise they may send up more than one sprout. The seedlings are transplanted to shaded nursery rows the following spring and set in the field 2-3 years later during winter dormancy. Nevertheless, the point of attachment remains weak and needs to be braced with bamboo to avoid breaking in high winds. Grafting is uncommon and when it is done, it is a sandwich graft on longan rootstock, 3 or 4 grafts being made successively, one onto the beheaded top of the preceding one, in the belief that it makes the graft wind-resistant and that it induces better size and quality in the fruit. Conventional modes of grafting have not been successful in Florida, but whip-grafting has given 80% success in Taiwan. A tree can be converted to a preferred cultivar by cutting it drastically back and veneer-grafting the new shoots. Culture In China, if the longan is raised on the lowlands it is always put on the edges of raised beds. The trees are fertilized after the fruit harvest and during the blooming season, at which time the proportion of nitrogen is reduced.

Even as the San Antonio missions suffered Apache hit-and-run attacks and the loss of cattle, goats, sheep, and horses, they gained new converts from local native groups, who joined forces with Spanish settlers against their mutual enemy. Between 1746 and 1752, the three San Xavier missions on the San Gabriel River, near present-day Rockdale, Texas, were founded in this way. The location of these missions on good buffalo hunting grounds further angered the Apache, who began harassing the native populations even before the missions were built. The Bidai the Bidai people lived along the lower Trinity River, south of El Camino Real de los Tejas, and were a friendly group. They traded with the Hasinai over the Bidai Trail, which led from the lower Trinity River to the vicinity of Nacogdoches. The Bidai had sporadic relations with the Karankawa groups, especially the Coco, as well as with the Tonkawa, the Wichita groups, the Comanche, and with the Lipan Apache, with whom they traded. Later on, the Bidai apparently intermarried with Coushatta people living along the Trinity River. Austin established his colony on the lower Brazos River in the early 1820s, the Bidai often mingled Page78 with the American settlers asking for food. Subsequently, the Bidai experienced great difficulties and suffered at least one major typhoid fever epidemic. In 1836, they met with Sam Houston to sign a treaty requesting formal title to the lands they occupied. At that time, they resided along the Angelina, Neches, and Sabine rivers near Nacogdoches, and appeared interested in taking the lead in forming a union of different tribes in Texas. Three years later, the Texan government had still not ratified Cherokee claims, and it became clear that the tribe would be removed from Texas territory. In July 1839, President Mirabeau Lamar dispatched 900 soldiers to the Cherokee village. After a battle that left 100 Cherokee and two Texas soldiers dead, the Cherokee fled to Indian Territory. The Choctaw the first few Choctaw people in Texas settled among the Caddo-speaking group in 1807, when John Sibley brokered a peace agreement between representatives of the two tribes. Permission was given, despite deep-seated resentments and unresolved conflicts between the two tribes. After 1819, the United States pressured the rest of the Choctaw to move westward from their original homelands in Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia to Indian Territory in Arkansas and Oklahoma. By 1836, the year the Choctaw signed a treaty with the Republic of Texas, around 40 Choctaw and some Chickasaw had been living in Nacogdoches and Shelby counties for about two years. The majority of the Choctaw, however, never moved to Texas and remained on Choctaw Nation lands in Indian Territory. Any problems between settlers and the Choctaw usually involved depredations by Texas troops or citizens crossing north of the Red River onto Choctaw Nation lands. The Comanche the Comanche began their forays into north and central Texas in late 1729 in an effort to displace the Apache from the southern plains and north-central Texas. Comanche economic life was centered on the buffalo, which they hunted, processed in great quantities, and bartered for any other products they required. The acquisition of horses and guns from Europeans enhanced Comanche prowess on the battlefield, enabling them to obtain war booty and more guns and horses and become a formidable force. The dominance of the Comanche, multiplied by alliances with the Tejas, Taovaya, and Wichita tribes, changed the power dynamics in the territory surrounding El Camino Real de los Tejas.

There is a single, straw-colored stone, an irregular, flattened oval, ridged or fluted, very hard, 3/8 in (1 cm) long, 1/4 in (6 mm) wide. Wester mentions a "very distinct and superior variety" as reliably reported from the Mountain Province, Philippines. It is an abundant and invasive species in the Philippines; occasionally cultivated in Malaya; grown in every village in Indonesia where the fruits are marketed in clusters. The United States Department of Agriculture received seeds from the Philippines in 1905 (S. Quite a few trees have been planted in southern Florida in the past and the fruits were formerly appreciated as a source of juice for jelly, commercialized in a limited way, but are rarely so used today. There are specimens in experimental stations in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Honduras and Hawaii. Climate the tree is not strictly tropical for it has proved to be hardy up to central Florida. Propagation Many seeds are non-viable in Florida, perhaps because of inadequate pollination. Since seedlings may turn out to be male, and female seedlings may not bear for a number of years, vegetative propagation is preferred. Ochse recommends grafting in the wet season because scions will remain dormant in dry weather. Most female trees will bear some fruit without the presence of a male because many of the flowers are perfect. Season In Indonesia, the trees flower in September and October and the fruits mature in February and March. In Florida it extends from late summer through fall and winter because some trees bloom much later than others. In Florida, the leaves may be heavily attacked by mealybugs and by scale insects and sooty mold develops on their excretions. Here, also, the foliage is subject to green scurf and algal leaf spot caused by Cephaleuros tirescens. Elsewhere the fruits (unripe and ripe together) are made into jam and jelly though the juice is difficult to jell and pectin must be added. If the extracted bignay juice is kept under refrigeration for a day or so, there will be a settling of somewhat astringent sediment which can be discarded, thus improving the flavor. For several years, the richly-colored jelly was produced on a small commercial scale in southern Florida. The juice makes an excellent sirup and has been successfully fermented into wine and brandy. Food Value Per 100 g of Edible Portion* Moisture Protein Ash Calcium Phosphorus Iron Thiamine Riboflavin Niacin 91. The heavy fragrance of the flowers, especially the male, is very obnoxious to some individuals. Medicinal Uses: the leaves are sudorific and employed in treating snakebite, in Asia. Mature leaves, almost hairless, are ovate to lanceolate-elliptical, 2 to 6 in (5-15 cm) long; deep-green above, bright-green beneath; thick and leathery. The odoriferous male flower spikes are hairy, generally in panicles in the leaf axils, occasionally solitary, more or less interrupted. The fruits, single or in clusters of 4 to 30, are round to obovoid, up to 3/4 in (2. The tree is native to coastal North Queensland, growing on the borders of rain forests and on the banks of streams and lagoons. Seeds were imported by the University of Florida Agricultural Research and Education Center, Homestead, Florida, in 1941 and the seedlings grew and bore well. The seeds germinate readily and seedlings begin to fruit at about 6 years of age when they may be 8 ft (2. One nursery in Florida offered grafted plants for sale but they did not become popular and the species is still rare. In Australia, the trees bloom from December to February and again in September and the fruits mature in their fall and winter months. In Florida, blooming takes place from April to June and the fruit is in season in September and October.