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The presence of a protected person may not be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations. The Party to the conflict in whose hands protected persons may be, is responsible for the treatment accorded to them by its agents, irrespective of any individual responsibility which may be incurred. Protected persons shall have every facility for making application to the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) Society of the country where they may be, as well as to any organization that might assist them. These several organizations shall be granted all facilities for that purpose by the authorities, within the bounds set by military or security considerations. Apart from the visits of the delegates of the Protecting Powers and of the International Committee of the Red Cross, provided for by Article 143, the Detaining or Occupying Powers shall facilitate, as much as possible, visits to protected persons by the representatives of other organizations whose object is to give spiritual aid or material relief to such persons. No physical or moral coercion shall be exercised against protected persons, in particular to obtain information from them or from third parties. The High Contracting Parties specifically agree that each of them is prohibited from taking any measure of such a character as to cause the physical suffering or extermination of protected persons in their hands. This prohibition applies not only to murder, torture, corporal punishments, mutilation and medical or scientific experiments not necessitated by the medical treatment of a protected person, but also to any other measures of brutality whether applied by civilian or military agents. No protected person may be punished for an offence he or she has not personally committed. Collective penalties and likewise all measures of intimidation or of terrorism are prohibited. All protected persons who may desire to leave the territory at the outset of, or during a conflict, shall be entitled to do so, unless their departure is contrary to the national interests of the State. The applications of such persons to leave shall be decided in accordance with regularly established procedures and the decision shall be taken as rapidly as possible. Those persons permitted to leave may provide themselves with the necessary funds for their journey and take with them a reasonable amount of their effects and articles of personal use. If any such person is refused permission to leave the territory, he shall be entitled to have refusal reconsidered, as soon as possible by an appropriate court or administrative board designated by the Detaining Power for that purpose. Upon request, representatives of the Protecting Power shall, unless reasons of security prevent it, or the persons concerned object, be furnished with the reasons for refusal of any request for permission to leave the territory and be given, as expeditiously as possible, the names of all persons who have been denied permission to leave. Departures permitted under the foregoing Article shall be carried out in satisfactory conditions as regards safety, hygiene, sanitation and food. All costs in connection therewith, from the point of exit in the territory of the Detaining Power, shall be borne by the country of destination, or, in the case of accommodation in a neutral country, by the Power whose nationals are benefited. The practical details of such movements may, if necessary, be settled by special agreements between the Powers concerned. The foregoing shall not prejudice such special agreements as may be concluded between Parties to the conflict concerning the exchange 297 and repatriation of their nationals in enemy hands. Protected persons who are confined pending proceedings or serving a sentence involving loss of liberty, shall during their confinement be humanely treated. As soon as they are released, they may ask to leave the territory in conformity with the foregoing Articles. With the exception of special measures authorized by the present Convention, in particularly by Article 27 and 41 thereof, the situation of protected persons shall continue to be regulated, in principle, by the provisions concerning aliens in time of peace. In any case, the following rights shall be granted to them: (1) they shall be enabled to receive the individual or collective relief that may be sent to them. Protected persons who, as a result of the war, have lost their gainful employment, shall be granted the opportunity to find paid employment. That opportunity shall, subject to security considerations and to the provisions of Article 40, be equal to that enjoyed by the nationals of the Power in whose territory they are. Where a Party to the conflict applies to a protected person methods of control which result in his being unable to support himself, and especially if such a person is prevented for reasons of security from finding paid employment on reasonable conditions, the said Party shall ensure his support and that of his dependents. Protected persons may in any case receive allowances from their home country, the Protecting Power, or the relief societies referred to in Article 30. Protected persons may be compelled to work only to the same extent as nationals of the Party to the conflict in whose territory they are. If protected persons are of enemy nationality, they may only be compelled to do work which is normally necessary to ensure the feeding, sheltering, clothing, transport and health of human beings and which is not directly related to the conduct of military operations.

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Patients should discontinue anti-platelet therapy at least 3 days before the injection procedure. Patients on anti-coagulant therapy need to be managed appropriately to decrease the risk of bleeding. In patients 12 years of age or older: Consider an intravesical instillation of diluted local anesthetic with or without sedation, or general anesthesia prior to injection, per local site practice. At a minimum, consider a diluted instillation of local anesthetic for all age groups. If a local anesthetic instillation is performed, drain and irrigate the bladder with sterile saline before injection. The needle should be inserted approximately 2 mm into the detrusor, and 20 injections of 0. After the injections are given, the saline used for bladder wall visualization should be drained. Chronic Migraine the recommended dilution is 200 Units/4 mL or 100 Units/2 mL, with a final concentration of 5 Units per 0. The recommended dose for treating chronic migraine is 155 Units administered intramuscularly using a sterile 30-gauge, 0. Injections should be divided across 7 specific head/neck muscle areas as specified in the diagrams and Table 3 below. A one inch needle may be needed in the neck region for patients with thick neck muscles. With the exception of the procerus muscle, which should be injected at one site (midline), all muscles should be injected bilaterally with half the number of injection sites administered to the left, and half to the right side of the head and neck. The recommended dilution is 200 Units/4 mL or 100 Units/2 mL with preservative-free 0. The lowest recommended starting dose should be used, and no more than 50 Units per site should generally be administered. Adult Upper Limb Spasticity In clinical trials, doses ranging from 75 Units to 400 Units were divided among selected muscles (see Table 4 and Figure 2) at a given treatment session. When treating both lower limbs or the upper and lower limbs in combination, the total dose should not exceed the lower of 10 Units/kg body weight or 340 Units, in a 3-month interval [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5. Additional general adult spasticity dosing information is also applicable to pediatric spasticity patients [see Dosage and Administration (2. Pediatric Upper Limb Spasticity the recommended dose for treating pediatric upper limb spasticity is 3 Units/kg to 6 Units/kg divided among the affected muscles (see Table 6 and Figure 4). In general, no more than 50 Units per site should be administered using a sterile needle. In the double-blind, placebo-controlled study most subjects were observed to have returned to pre-treatment status by 3 months post-treatment. The hyperhidrotic area to be injected should be defined using standard staining techniques. Patient should be resting comfortably without exercise or hot drinks for approximately 30 minutes prior to the test. To minimize the area of no effect, the injection sites should be evenly spaced as shown in Figure 6. Figure 6: Injection Pattern for Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis Each dose is injected to a depth of approximately 2 mm and at a 45° angle to the skin surface, with the bevel side up to minimize leakage and to ensure the injections remain intradermal. Avoiding injection near the levator palpebrae superioris may reduce the complication of ptosis. Avoiding medial lower lid injections, and thereby reducing diffusion into the inferior oblique, may reduce the complication of diplopia. This can be prevented by applying pressure at the injection site immediately after the injection. In general, the initial effect of the injections is seen within three days and reaches a peak at one to two weeks post-treatment. Each treatment lasts approximately three months, following which the procedure can be repeated. Injection without surgical exposure or electromyographic guidance should not be attempted.

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Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: 2016 update on diagnosis, riskstratification, and management. Extracorporeal photopheresis in the treatment of mycosis fungoides and Sйzary Syndrome. Clinically patients present with signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure (dyspnea, orthopnea, impaired exercise tolerance, fatigue, and peripheral edema) and arrhythmias. Studies have examined only optimally medically managed patients with symptoms for >6 months. Changes of myocardial gene expression and protein composition in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy after immunoadsorption with subsequent immunoglobulin substitution. Endomyocardial proteomic signature corresponding to the response of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy to immunoadsorption therapy. Long-term benefits of immunoadsorption in beta(1)-adrenoceptor autoantibody-positive transplant candidates with dilated cardiomyopathy. Immunoadsorption can improve cardiac function in transplant candidates with non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy associated with diabetes mellitus. Hemodynamic effects of immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin substitution in dilated cardiomyopathy. Economic evaluation and survival analysis of immunoglobulin adsorption in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Plasma exchange for the patients with dilated cardiomyopathy in children is safe and effective in improving both cardiac function and daily activities. Therapeutic effect of immunoadsorption and subsequent immunoglobulin substitution in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: results from the observational prospective Bad Berka Registry. The effect of a repeated immunoadsorption in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy after recurrence of severe heart failure symptoms. Immunohistological changes in dilated cardiomyopathy induced by immunoadsorption therapy and subsequent immunoglobulin substitution. Therapeutic plasma exchange a potential strategy for patients with advanced heart failure. National heart, lung, and blood institute state of the science symposium in therapeutic apheresis-Therapeutic apheresis in cardiovascular disease. Immunoadsorption therapy for dilated cardiomyopathy using tryptophan columna prospective, multicenter, randomized, within-patient and parallel-group comparative study to evaluate efficacy and safety. Ferrochelatase catalyzes insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin to form heme. The enzyme deficiency results in the accumulation of metal-free protoporphyrin primarily in bone marrow reticulocytes, which can appear in the plasma and is taken up in the liver and is excreted in bile and feces. Intraindividual variation is much less but may be as much as 20% over time in the absence of liver disease. Plasma porphyrins correlate roughly with erythrocyte levels but are much more variable over time, probably reflecting more rapid turnover. Protoporphyrin is lipophilic and poorly water-soluble; thus, the major means of excretion is by hepatic clearance and biliary excretion. Liver damage occurs in <5% of patients and has been attributed to precipitation of insoluble protoporphyrin in bile canaliculi and to protoporphyrin-induced oxidative stress. Should protoporphyric hepatopathy develop, levels of plasma and erythrocyte protoporphyrin and cutaneous photosensitivity can increase markedly, and the increased load of hepatotoxic protoporphyrin can accelerate liver damage. Once cholestasis is present, because of biliary blockage from protoporphyrin crystals, protoporphyric hepatopathy typically proceeds rapidly to fibrosis and liver failure. Early protoporphyric hepatopathy is treated with oral ursodiol to enhance protoporphyrin solubility in bile, and cholestyramine to interrupt the enterohepatic circulation of protoporphyrin. Additionally, oral antioxidants can be used (vitamin C, vitamin E, N-Acetyl Cysteine, green tea). Hepatopathy impairs uptake and biliary excretion of protoporphyrin and causes marked further increases in plasma and erythrocyte porphyrin levels. The increase in erythrocyte levels may result in part from uptake of protoporphyrin from plasma. Transfusion to correct anemia can suppress erythropoiesis and the production of excess protoporphyrin. Hemin infusions may suppress protoporphyrin synthesis in the marrow or possibly in nonerythroid cells. Avoiding exposure of the patient to excess light during the procedure is recommended.

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Syndromes

  • Confusion or coma
  • Connective tissue disorders
  • What other symptoms are present?
  • Endoscopy -- camera down the throat to see burns in the esophagus and the stomach
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Amitid
  • Changes in alertness and consciousness
  • HIV
  • Can the person remember recent events (is there impaired short-term memory)?

Systematic desensitization is indicated and exposure could start with looking at pictures of dogs in books. Pediatricians can help guide parents in managing normal fears of childhood, identifying when those fears have become phobias, providing education on anxiety treatment, and connecting families with mental health professionals when impairment is present. His mother states that the boy has seemed much more "moody" and has been sleeping more than usual since yesterday. His past medical history is significant only for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. He takes methylphenidate daily during the school year, but has not been taking this medication over the past 8 days while he has been home. He was exposed to 2 cousins who had gastroenteritis last week, but he has had no gastrointestinal symptoms. The mother tells you that she feels like she could also use a rest, as she has been feeling "really worn out" over the past several days as well. In your office, the boy is afebrile and his vital signs are all within normal limits for his age. He appears slightly pale and somewhat tired, but answers all of your questions appropriately. These symptoms have developed since he has been home from school for winter break. His parents have experienced fatigue and headache during the same timeframe and no one in his household has displayed cough, congestion, or gastrointestinal symptoms. A serum carboxyhemoglobin level would be the most useful diagnostic test to obtain. It is vital for all pediatric providers to recognize the signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning and to be able to manage children with carbon monoxide poisoning appropriately. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, tasteless, odorless, nonirritating gas that is produced as a byproduct of combustion by furnaces, heaters, and other fuel-powered devices used in the home, such as gas-powered generators. Carbon monoxide poisoning poses a significant risk for morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Inhaled carbon monoxide results in significantly decreased oxygen delivery to the body tissues and vital organs, including the brain, via 2 important mechanisms: (1) it binds to hemoglobin with an affinity that is 240 times greater than that of oxygen, and (2) it shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and changes its shape. Through these mechanisms, carbon monoxide decreases blood oxygen content and impairs oxygen release to body tissues. Symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are generally nonspecific and range from headache, fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, and behavioral changes to syncope, seizures, coma, and arrhythmias. Carbon monoxide poisoning may also be associated with delayed neurologic complications, including chronic headaches, difficulties with memory, and a decline in school performance, in those patients who survive. Patients with carbon monoxide poisoning may or may not have the classically described "cherry red" skin color, so the presence or absence of this cannot be relied upon to make the diagnosis. In addition, pulse oximetry measurements are typically normal in affected patients, as conventional pulse oximeters cannot distinguish between oxyhemoglobin and carboxyhemoglobin. Since symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are very nonspecific, they can easily be attributed to more common illnesses including influenza, food poisoning, or overexertion. The peak incidence of carbon monoxide poisoning occurs during the winter months when outbreaks of influenza are also common. Carbon monoxide poisoning should be suspected when multiple patients from the same environment are presenting with similar symptoms that are not completely "classic" for influenza or other alternative diagnoses. Thorough inquiry regarding exposure to heating systems and other fuel-burning devices is essential to make this diagnosis. All patients with suspected carbon monoxide poisoning should be removed from the contaminated environment immediately and given 100% oxygen until serum carboxyhemoglobin levels normalize. High-flow oxygen decreases the half-life of carbon monoxide and enhances oxygen delivery. Children with severe toxicity from carbon monoxide exposure, including those with syncope, seizures, coma, metabolic acidosis, and signs of cardiac ischemia, may require hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Consultation with a toxicologist with experience in treating children with carbon monoxide poisoning is recommended in these cases. In the United States, guidance from a medical toxicologist may be obtained by calling the regional Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. Computed tomography of the brain could help rule out intracranial pathology in this patient, but would not be helpful in identifying carbon monoxide poisoning as the cause of his symptoms. Although infection with the influenza virus could cause the nonspecific symptoms of headache and fatigue in this boy, he lacks other typical symptoms, including fever, chills, cough, rhinorrhea, sore throat, and myalgias.