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In 1946, that Committee transferred its functions to the Temporary Transport and Communication Commission of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. In 1947, that body was replaced by a permanent Transport and Communication Commission. The Organization comprises of an Assembly, a Council and four main Committees: the Maritime Safety Committee; the Marine Environment Protection Committee; the Legal Committee; and the Technical Co-operation Committee. There is also a Facilitation Committee and a number of Sub-Committees support the work of the main technical committees. The Legal Committee consists of all Member States and basically deals with legal matters of the Organization. This is evident through amendments of Article 1 of the Convention on the International Maritime Organisation which had extended its scope to embrace this concern. There is evidence about the Project Genesis, a cruise liner which will be able to carry 5,400 guests, the world largest passenger ship ever, ordered by the Royal 157 158 Convention on the International Maritime Organization 1959 Henry, E. The second factor relates to the advent of globalization and the impact it caused on the advances in the contexts of trade, travel, and maritime safety. It is now a major force within shipping, both in terms of technological development and commercial success. Maritime safety is now viewed as a global context with many and varied dimensions. That is the conventions fall into 3 main categories; with maritime safety; on the preventions of marine pollution; and with the liability and compensation, with particular regards to oil pollution damage. Other relevant conventions deal with facilitation, tonnage measurement, unlawful acts against shipping and salvage, etc. In this it is necessary to regulate the relationship of all parties involved in maritime transport ­ cargo interests and shipowners, carriage of goods and passengers by sea, collisions, general average, liability and limitation of liability and mortgages and liens. This purpose could be obtained with efficient and therefore safe ships, manned with qualified and competent crews. It follows the rules pertaining to the construction and safety of ships, the manning of ships, the labour and working conditions and the safety of navigation serve this purpose. Guide-lines For Maritime Legislation; 2nd edition, (1982) United Nations, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok. This will secure the necessary consistency of both policy and law and therefore prevent situations whereby a particular law serves a particular policy objective, but runs counter to other objectives. After all, many areas of maritime law are developed first in international instruments. However it should be noted that foreign laws are not necessarily designed to serve the same purposes or serve national objectives. Adoption of a convention ­ if considered ­ two situations may occur 166 167 Ibid at 1 Ibid at 1 - 51 - · Monistic view of international law ­ convention becomes part of the law through the act of ratification or accession. Some conventions contain self-executing provisions, which are directly binding on natural and legal persons in the ratifying or acceding State. Legal institutional framework also has an important bearing on the need for legislative action. In some States, the conduct of business activities is governed by contract law primarily of a predominantly non-mandatory character. The same legal institutional framework will decide what emphasis is given to appeal procedures for decisions of the government and, consequently, the amount of legislative work involved General Responses ­ Embargoes and Travel Advisories Generally the most effective response aside from maritime related measures and other relevant measures is the embargoes facilitated under the trade agreements, and the travel bans. This had been observed with hostility from the commerce sector and considered as interference with the freedom to trade and movement of traffic. From experience it had caused adverse impacts on many economies and therefore considered unacceptable. Consequently, alternative measures to reduce and contain the spread of infectious disease without or with limited interference on trade and traffic have to be developed. The national, regional, and international responses are to be formulated within this context and these could be all reflected in the legal and institutional framework prepared by countries, regional blogs, and international organizations involved in the global fight against the international transmission of infectious diseases.

National guidelines regarding vaccination should be applied in emergency situations as soon as possible. Define needs: number of vaccine doses; cold chain equipment; other supplies (auto-destruct syringes, safety boxes, monitoring forms, vaccination cards, tally sheets); staff. Implement vaccination campaign: safety of injection; safe disposal of injection material record keeping; individual vaccination cards; other activities. Evaluate: coverage percentage vaccinated among estimated target population); incidence of side-effects (post-vaccination surveillance). Mass vaccination strategies To implement a mass vaccination campaign in emergencies, there are two main strategies. This is possible when the screening facility has been set up and the influx of refugees is steady and moderate. Vaccination sites can be set up in different sections of the target area and mass vaccination carried out by outreach teams. This is necessary when the population has already settled at a site or the influx has been too rapid to organize a screening facility. Routine vaccination strategies In the case of measles, once the target population has been immunized in the mass campaign, measles vaccination must become part of health care activities. Ongoing vaccination is required to cover: · children who might have missed the initial vaccination campaign, · children vaccinated at the age of 6­9 months who must receive a second dose of the vaccine at 9 months, · new groups of children reaching the age of 6 months. Vaccination may be selective, whereby the vaccination status of the child is checked on the basis of a vaccination card and the vaccine is given if there is no evidence of previous vaccination. In non-selective vaccination, vaccination status is not checked and all children are immunized regardless of their immune status. Non- 76 * Communicable disease control in emergencies ­ A field manual selective vaccination is preferred in a mass campaign, as it is quicker and leaves little chance for error. Assessment of risk the first activity is to assess the need for an vaccination campaign by: · assessing the risk of an epidemic, · identifying the size of the population at risk of the disease. If these data are not available, vaccine coverage rates can be assessed by means of a survey using cluster-sampling methodology (see Section 1. Perceptions of vaccination can be assessed through focus group discussions with representative groups from the population and/or questions during the vaccination survey. Assessing logistic requirements the number of vaccine doses required for a vaccination campaign is 135% of the number in the target population. These vaccines will require refrigeration until the time of administration; refrigerators and cold boxes are therefore required to maintain the cold chain. Thermometers and temperature monitors are required to ensure the cold chain has been maintained. Syringes and needles will normally also have to be purchased and the cards and registers printed. Needs in vaccines Calculate number of doses based on size of target population, target coverage, proportion of vaccine lost during mass campaign=15%, and reserves to be held=25%. It is important to involve all of the stakeholders, as this will ensure that everyone knows the purpose of the campaign, and which people need the vaccine and why. Involvement of the community from the beginning is crucial, and political and traditional leaders should be invited to all major planning meetings. Smaller meetings can subsequently be held with different associations or formal groups within the population, and used to establish suitable times and places for the vaccination campaign. Community health workers can counsel individual families on the importance of the vaccine in question and reassure them about reactions to the vaccine. Organization of sites Vaccination sites must be located in such a way as to ensure easy access; additional sites may be required for specific ethnic or other groups. Vaccination campaign sites must be organized so that they are comfortable and operate smoothly. The seating should be 78 * Communicable disease control in emergencies ­ A field manual organized on a "first come, first served" basis. The person(s) organizing this area can ensure that this principle is maintained, and can also reiterate information on the purpose of the vaccine and possible reactions to the vaccine.

Along with other characteristics, this can lead to relatively greater internal doses and body burden. We cannot afford to pretend that chemicals pose no risks to children and that discussion of such risks is purely speculative. Just over 1 million pounds of suspected endocrine disruptors were discharged in 2001. Environmental Pollutants Along with pathogens and industrial chemicals, sewage contains pollutants that can directly or indirectly affect public health by altering the environment into which they are released. In addition, the wide range of pollutants in sewage can have an effect on the health of aquatic organisms. Biological Oxygen Demand Like humans, fish and other forms of aquatic life need oxygen to survive. Raw sewage discharges take it away, causing fish kills, habitat loss, decreased tourism, and loss of recreational opportunities. In fact, modern sewage treatment plants rely on such organisms to do much of the heavy lifting of treatment. After "primary treatment" of sewage, which removes the solids, the plants subject sewage to "secondary treatment," and that is where the microorganisms enter the picture. They come running to the dinner table when sewage is served, and their population explodes to meet the incoming flow of "food"- the decomposable organic carbon-based components of human waste. Just as humans need to inhale oxygen while consuming burgers or broccoli, microorganisms need oxygen as they go about decomposing our waste. But without the extra doses of oxygen delivered by treatment plant operators, the supply of dissolved oxygen cannot keep up 14 Swimming in Sewage with demand. When enough sewage is discharged, dissolved oxygen is depleted faster than it can be replenished by photosynthesis, wave action, or other natural means. The microorganisms instead deplete the oxygen of the receiving waters, doing grave harm to other living things in the water. Primary and secondary treatment together remove 84­ 89 percent of oxygen-demanding pollutants. Hypoxic conditions arise, causing fish kills, noxious odors, and habitat loss, and leading to decreased tourism and recreational water use. These wastes are high in nitrogen and phosphorous, the so-called "limiting" nutrients because their absence limits the extent of plant growth, while their abundance accelerates it. Hence, the widespread use of natural or synthetic fertilizers on crop fields and lawns. Nutrients have the same effect on aquatic plants as they have on terrestrial plants. Overfertilization of lakes and estuaries triggers massive blooms of green algae that can kill submerged aquatic vegetation by blocking their access to sunlight. As succeeding generations of algal blooms die off, they settle to the bottom where they become food for microorganisms, which deplete dissolved oxygen as they live, breath, and multiply. Unbridled input of nutrients can result in water bodies that are overgrown with algae and rooted plants, and have persistent oxygen-deprived "dead zones" that may infringe on vital fishery habitats. With this growth, the already poor condition of Gulf Coast estuaries from the standpoint of excessive algal growth will certainly deteriorate further without advanced wastewater treatment. More than 60,000 human infections occur each year in the United States alone, caused by toxins that exist at the limit of detection. These toxic algal blooms are increasing nationally and worldwide- both in frequency and duration. The Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Florida, reported "moderate to high bloom with massive fish kills and respiratory irritation from St. Bay waters on the Texas Gulf Coast experienced "one of the longest seasonal red tide blooms" from January through April 2002. Conventional primary and secondary treatment processes remove up to 63 percent of total nitrogen and 65 percent of total phosphorous from sewage.

Diseases

• Ainhum
• Asplenia
• Adducted thumb club foot syndrome
• Goldenhar syndrome
• Conversion disorder
• Hypogonadism hypogonadotropic due to mutations in GR hormone