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Associate Professor, Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine

In some cases, the appropriate response may go beyond simply posting a comment, safe message, or resource information. It may extend to notifying parents and local law enforcement about the need for security at a late-night student gathering, for example. Our thoughts and support go out to [his/her] family and friends at this difficult time. A meeting announcement has been sent to parents, who can contact school administrators or counselors at [number] or [e-mail address] for more information. Risk is greater if a behavior is new or has recently increased in frequency or intensity, and if it seems related to a painful event, loss, or change. Sadly, more than 80 percent of these kids will not have their illness properly diagnosed or treated, which can also lead to school absenteeism, failing grades, dropouts, crimes, and drug and alcohol abuse. More than three fourths of people with depression respond positively to treatment. Our hearts, thoughts, and prayers go out to [his/her] family and friends, and the entire community. School Response to Media · Media are strongly encouraged to refer to the document "Reporting on Suicide: Recommendations for the Media," which is available at. Important poInts for coverIng suIcIde · More than 50 research studies worldwide have found that certain types of news coverage can increase the likelihood of suicide in vulnerable individuals. The magnitude of the increase is related to the amount, duration and prominence of coverage. However, the way media cover suicide can influence behavior negatively by contributing to contagion or positively by encouraging help-seeking. There are almost always multiple causes, including psychiatric illnesses, that may not have been recognized or treated. Refer to research findings that mental disorders and/or substance abuse have been found in 90% of people who have died by suicide. Avoid reporting that death by suicide was preceded by a single event, such as a recent job loss, divorce or bad grades. Reporting like this leaves the public with an overly simplistic and misleading understanding of suicide. Use your story to inform readers about the causes of suicide, its warning signs, trends in rates and recent treatment advances. Add statement(s) about the many treatment options available, stories of those who overcame a suicidal crisis and resources for help. Include up-to-date local/national resources where readers/viewers can find treatment, information and advice that promotes help-seeking. WarnIng sIgns of suIcIde · talking about wanting to die · looking for a way to kill oneself · talking about feeling hopeless or having no purpose · talking about feeling trapped or in unbearable pain · talking about being a burden to others · Increasing the use of alcohol or drugs · acting anxious, agitated or recklessly · sleeping too little or too much · Withdrawing or feeling isolated · showing rage or talking about seeking revenge · displaying extreme mood swings the more of these signs a person shows, the greater the risk. Include stories of hope and recovery, information on how to overcome suicidal thinking and increase coping skills. The potential for online reports, photos/videos and stories to go viral makes it vital that online coverage of suicide follow site or industry safety recommendations. Social networking sites often become memorials to the deceased and should be monitored for hurtful comments and for statements that others are considering suicide. Message board guidelines, policies and procedures could support removal of inappropriate and/or insensitive posts. What to do If someone you know exhibits warning signs of suicide: · Do not leave the person alone · Remove any firearms, alcohol, drugs or sharp objects that could be used in a suicide attempt · Call the U. Conversely, stories about suicide can inform readers and viewers about the likely causes of suicide, its warning signs, trends in suicide rates, and recent treatment advances. The following recommendations have been developed to assist reporters and editors in safe reporting on suicide. For Reporters What to Avoid · Avoid detailed descriptions of the suicide, including specifics of the method and location. Reason: Detailed descriptions increase the risk of a vulnerable individual imitating the act. Reason: Positive attention given to someone who has died (or attempted to die) by suicide can lead vulnerable indi- viduals who desire such attention to take their own lives. Reason: Research indicates that celebrity suicides can promote copycat suicides among vulnerable people. Reason: Research shows that from 60­90 percent of suicide victims have a diagnosable mental illness and/or substance use disorder.

Were the from the trial personnel intended and clinicians intervention unaware of the beyond what intervention would be status of expected in participants? Not applicable Emslie, 200944 Companion: Findling, 201345 Emslie, 201446 Fristad, 201827 Yes 7a. Probably no Not applicable Bias arising from Comments departures from intended interventions? Awareness of intervention could influence outcomes GunlicksUncertain Stoessel, 201671 because no information Uncertain because no information Probably no Not applicable Probably no Not applicable Uncertain Probably not blinded because children would know if parents were part of intervention? Probably no Not applicable Probably no Bias arising from Comments departures from intended interventions? Low Iftene, 201578 Israel, 201326 Probably yes No Probably yes No Probably no No Not applicable Not applicable Probably no Probably no Jelalian, 201672 No No No Probably no No Not applicable Not applicable Probably no Probably no Kennard, 200820 No Emslie, 201522 No Companion: Kennard, 201421 Kim, 201285 No No No Not applicable Probably no No Probably no Not applicable Probably no Klein, 199863 Probably yes Probably yes Probably no Not applicable Probably no Kye, 199664 Luby, 201232 Probably yes No Probably yes No Probably no No Not applicable Not applicable Probably no No Not applicable Some concerns Patient and provider not blinded. Awareness of intervention can influence outcomes Not applicable Some concerns blinding not discussed Not applicable Some concerns Patient and provider not blinded. Awareness of intervention can influence outcomes Not applicable Some concerns Patients and trial personnel not blinded Not applicable Some concerns Patient and provider not blinded. Awareness of intervention could influence outcomes Not applicable Some concerns Patient and provider not blinded. Awareness of intervention can influence outcomes Not applicable Some concerns Blinding noted as "double blind" with no other details. Probably no Not applicable No Not applicable Bias arising from Comments departures from intended interventions? If yes to 6, Were these deviations from intended intervention unbalanced between groups and likely to have affected the outcome? Were any potential for a participants substantial analyzed in a impact (on the group estimated different from effect of the one to intervention) which they of analyzing were participants in assigned? No Not applicable Bias arising from Comments departures from intended interventions? Not applicable Trowell, 200776 Companion: Garoff, 201277 Wagner, 200452 Companion: Forest, 200153 Wagner, 200654 Weihs, 201855 Wilkinson, 200886 No 7a. Not applicable Low Not applicable Some concerns Patient and provider not blinded; awareness of intervention can influence outcomes Not applicable Some concerns Not blinded (patients or personnel) H-18 Table H-3. If yes to 9, Is there evidence that results were robust to the presence of missing outcome data? High attrition, unknown differences in attrition across groups All in analysis but completion rates lower (29. Differential attrition by Probably yes group not reported but differed across the two study sites. Low Comments Uncertain because no information Not applicable High Clarke, 200211 Uncertain because no information Probably yes Some Concerns Clarke, 200584 17. Although study reports no difference in results between completers and full sample, no details provided on how outcomes were recorded for those lost to followup Deas, 200082 DelBello, 201465 Diamond, 200225 Companion: Diamond, 200395 All retained for outcomes but attrition 40% in intervention and 0% in control group. Some Concerns Comments Nearly all the attrition from a single arm No Uncertain because no information Some Concerns Emslie, 199741 29. Appears that all were in Uncertain because No analysis but 24% in fluoxetine no information and 13. Some Concerns Comments Emslie, 200944 Companion: Findling, 201345 Emslie, 201446 Findling, 200947 Companion: Hirschtritt, 201267 Fristad, 201827 Not applicable Some concerns Differential attrition but full sample used for analysis, no explanation of how data were obtained and robustness of data Some attrition Not applicable Not applicable Some concerns High Large overall attrition High attrition and differential attrition. Some differential attrition across arms No information about group specific drop out or reasons for dropout. Probably no Probably no Uncertain because no information Probably no Uncertain because no information No Some Concerns Some concerns Authors did not state how they handled missing data. If yes to 9, are the proportion of participants and reasons for missing data similar across interventions? Probably yes Probably no Probably yes Probably yes Bias arising from measurement of benefit Comments outcomes? Low Some concerns Unblinded outcome assessors Low Low No High Unknown blinding of outcome assessors No Low Probably yes Uncertain because no information Probably yes Probably yes Uncertain because no information Uncertain because no information Uncertain because no information Low Uncertain because no information Low Low Uncertain because no information Uncertain because no information Uncertain because no information High 60% of assessments done by blinded assessor but study therapists administered and coded interviews for remaining 40%. No No Durgam, 201840 Emslie, 199741 Yes Probably no Yes Uncertain because no information Low Uncertain because no information H-28 10. Was measurement of benefit outcomes unlikely to have been influenced by knowledge of the intervention received? Probably yes Probably yes Probably no Probably yes Yes Yes Probably yes Bias arising from measurement of benefit Comments outcomes?

When resources are diverted from military pay and sustainment, forces are less capable and more vulnerable on the battlefield. They are less effective at protecting civilians and may resort to predatory behavior. Corruption is corrosive to the foundation of trust and mutual responsibility on which enduring partnerships must be built. Criminal activity, including piracy and illicit trafficking of arms, drugs, money, mineral resources, and people, that pose a clear threat of regional instability to U. Drug trafficking through West Africa is nowhere near the level observed in Central America and Mexico, although it is very difficult to get a handle on the scope of the problem. Through the Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership Program, the United States provides training and equipment to ten countries in the Sahel and Maghreb: Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mauritania, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, and Tunisia. The program seeks to operate outside of bureaucratic stovepipes by engaging partner nation stakeholders in capacity-building in the areas of military, law enforcement, and justice sector counterterrorism; public diplomacy and information operations; community engagement; and vocational training for youths at risk of radicalization. Air Force transportation assets (C-130s and C-17s) to move French forces in and out of the theater, as well as aerial refueling of aircraft conducting nonstandard air surveillance and reconnaissance. Lesley Warner, "Nine Questions About the Trans-Sahara Counter Terrorism Partnership You Were Too Embarrassed to Ask," War on the Rocks, April 8, 2014. In September 2014, the United States announced that, at the request of the government of Mali, it was assessing setting up a second operating site in Agadez. Buhari has moved the military central command from the capital, Abuja, to Maiduguri, the capital and largest city of Borno State, in an effort to energize operations against Boko Haram. However, there are operational and capacity-building activities that indirectly support this mission. The Army also supports Operation Onward Liberty, a five-year program intended to provide uniformed U. Yet, this raises the question: What are the roles of DoD, the military commands, and the U. To answer, we begin by reconsidering the ways in which nontraditional national security threats are classified; then, we discuss the adequacy of statutory authorities, budgets, and interagency coordination. We conclude with a review of current and potential activities the Army could carry out given additional authorities, guidance, and resources. We conceptualize these threats as terrorism, drug trafficking, transnational organized crime, and so on, and groups that engage in these activities 137 138 Countering the Expansion of Transnational Criminal Networks are classified accordingly. But some criminal organizations-as shown in the case of Mexico-combine elements of insurgency, and certainly terrorism. For instance, alQaeda is considered to present the highest level of threat to the United States and U. We could then assess the threat level that they pose, regardless of how the group is classified, and deploy the tools and resources available to the U. Bring Authorities and Policy Guidance in Line with the Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime It takes time for authorities and laws to "play catch up" with emerging trends. Code, Title 10, Section 124 addresses detection and monitoring of aerial and maritime transit of illegal drugs;1 the scope of the statute could be expanded by including the land as well as the air and maritime domains. For an example of a counternetwork effort, see Chad Serena, It Takes More than a Network: the Iraqi Insurgency and Organizational Adaptation, Palo Alto, Calif. Conclusions and Recommendations 139 Improve Interagency Coordination A major structural obstacle to waging an effective counternetwork campaign is the lack of unified effort and command. The National Security Council issued the Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime and implementation guidance, including the intended establishment of an Interagency Threat Mitigation Group to identify those networks that present a sufficiently high national security risk and ensure the coordination of all elements of national power to combat them. The agencies with the most-relevant capabilities for attacking illicit networks have other missions and are reluctant to focus their resources on taking down the networks. Trade Representative; and the head of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. The Office of Management and Budget, the Council of Economic Advisors, National Security Council, National Economic Council, Homeland Security Council, the Director of National Intelligence, and the Secretary of Labor also have roles in the committee. We note that after serving as the first National Counterintelligence Executive, Michelle van Cleave reported the position as being largely 140 Countering the Expansion of Transnational Criminal Networks taken to foster unity of command and effort and to avoid creating an additional stovepipe. The existing guidance is informed by the lessons learned from Operation Iraqi Freedom. Over time, the Coalition realized that attacking a networked threat was more than just a counterinsurgency challenge or effort to counter improvised explosive devices, and that networked threats were a worldwide phenomenon operating across a range of military operations. However, there are severe limitations to what can be achieved by working with these units (even if they could be kept corruption-free), if they operate in an environment of deeply entrenched corruption.

The subsurface horizon has platy, polygonal or reticulate patterns of distinct coloured (red, brown) plinthite bodies that are coherent enough to be separated from the surrounding soil matrix, which is usually of a pale colour. Hardening of the plinthite will form discrete concretions or nodules that characterize the pisoplinthic horizon. They are most common on level to gently sloping topography, in areas with seasonal fluctuating groundwater in wet climates, humid and tropical, such as in the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Extensive areas of Plinthosols occur in West Africa, where they represent 5 percent of the total 30 million km2 area of the continent (Jones et al. Plinthosols are also found in Southeast Asia, India, Australia and the United States. Clay destruction and aluminium interlayering driven by periodic iron hydroxide reduction and reoxidation (ferrolysis) has been recognised as a process sometimes involved in the formation of the silty surface horizons (Brinkman, 1979; Van Ranst et al. Planosols occur in generally level areas in climates with contrasting wet and dry seasons, mainly in the subtropics but in temperate areas and the tropics as well. They are extensive in Latin America (southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina) and Australia, and they also occur in Africa (Sahelian zone, East and southern Africa), the eastern United States, Siberia, China, and Southeast Asia (Bangladesh, Thailand). They are generally used for grazing or for grain or root crops in temperate areas. In the subtropics and tropics, rainfed paddy (wetland) rice is grown on bunded fields; with irrigation, they can be double cropped with a second paddy rice or dryland crop. Yields are very low without fertilizers and remain sub-optimal even with fertilizers because of the poor physical and chemical soil conditions. These horizons are formed under reducing conditions characterized by a low redox potential. Iron compounds are easily mobilized in Gleysols, especially in the presence of organic matter and anaerobic microorganisms. In humid regions they often occupy depressions, river valleys and deltas, lake kettles and foot slopes. Water logging is the main prerequisite for the development of gleyic features and is due to high ground water table in depressions; additional water inflow there may contribute to gleying as well as flooding in the valleys and tides in coastal areas. When drainage is implemented efficiently, as it is in the Netherlands and Germany, Gleysols are productive soils for vegetables, beets and flowers. Periodical stagnation of atmospheric water accounts for the name of this soil (originating from the German Pseudogley and Stagnogley). Stagnosols are mostly acid to weakly acid and have a low to medium base saturation. Humus accumulation is prominent in these soils with raw or moder humus types; the biological activity in these soils is weak and the physical properties are unfavourable for plant growth: low porosity, reduced water filtration and risks of drying out (Zech et al. Stagnosols have mostly been described in areas with humid temperate and subtropical climate under hardwood forests. Distinctive properties of matured Andosols are the high content of active Al and Fe materials, and the lowest bulk density among mineral soils. Volcanic glass, the major constituent of tephra, rapidly weathers to form allphane, imogolite, Alhumus complex (non-crystalline active Al materials) and ferrihydrite (poorly crystalline active Fe material), with leaching loss of a large amount of Si, Na, Ca, etc. Due to a porous, fluffy and highly aggregated microstructure, Andosols show low solid phase ratio, low bulk density, high water permeability, and high water holding capacity. The colour of rhyolitic to Andisitic tephra is whitish to greyish and that of basaltic tephra, black. The (micro-)structure is granular or crumb-granular in the upper part of the topsoil and spongy in the lower one; density is close to 1 g cm-3; the Corg content ranges between 2. They also perform the exchange of material between the top and subsoil, which contributes to the profile stability; dark and brown krotovinas are common. The labile forms of carbonates are in agreement with the data on current hydrothermal soil regimes. The radiocarbon age of the topsoil ranges within 2-3 kA in its upper part, and 5-8 kA in the lower part (Chichagova, 1985). Chernozems first appeared in the Late Miocene under grass ecosystems maintained by grazers (Retallack, 2001).