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Transformation of heavy metal speciation during sludge extraction process unfavourable. Conclusion tends to be more this study which determined the efficacy of two fermentation extracts of cassava peel wastes in removing heavy metals from sewage sludge indicated that crude fermentation extract of cassava peel waste can remove heavy metals from sewage sludge. The fermentation extract showed appreciable heavy metal removal efficiency when compared with commercial-grade organic acids. The cheaply available substrate for fermentation and the low cost of the fermentation process in obtaining the crude fermentation extract makes its use economically acceptable. Heavy metals in the industrial sludge and their ecological risk: A case study for a developing country. Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry, Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation. Citirc acid production by Aspergillus niger using molasses and pumpkin as substrates. Enhanced Production of Citric acid by Aspergillus niger M-101 Using Lower Alcohols. Efficacy of Fermentation Extracts from Sugarcane Waste in Removing heavy metals from Sewage Sludge. Removal of Lead Ion from Industrial Effluent Using Plantain (Musa paradisiaca) Wastes, British Journal of Applied of Applied Science & Technology, 8(3): 267-276. Although often ignored, every load of washing and drying contributes to environmental consequence on tertiary campuses with extensive use of water, energy, detergents, and chemicals. The study thus investigated the existing patterns of student laundry application and the environmental implications of these practices. Convenience sampling was used to select 150 students and administered with questionnaires. The major findings of the study demonstrate that one of the main problems with laundry as it stands is the lack of education about the environmental impacts of doing laundry. Students do not connect doing laundry with the number of resources necessary to make their clothes clean. This is especially true when considering detergents and the number of students who haphazardly pour detergent when cleaning their clothes. Although using washing machines as well as dryers is a practical and time-saving method of caring for clothes, it is also an energy, water, and chemical-intensive process that extends the ecological footprint with each load of wash. Saving energy and water also decreases pollution, acid rain, water and air pollution, and safeguards inadequate local water resources in many communities (Consumer Reports, 2007). Students clean their garments to eliminate dirt and to prevent them from smelling. Most students wash or clean and maintain their clothes after using them only once, whereas others wash them rarely. Although often ignored, every load of washing and drying contributes to environmental consequence on tertiary campuses with extensive use of water, energy, and chemicals. Carbon footprints of clothing care and maintenance among tertiary students are the cause of a notable amount of environmental degradation and human diseases. All the organic substances present in the wastewater from laundry activities are of immense concern in water treatment as they react with various disinfectants particularly chlorine. Chemicals dissipate into the atmosphere we breathe or are absorbed through the skin and becomes allergic reactions. Controlling carbon emissions and measuring the carbon footprint is a challenge for many institutions today (Butner et al. Carbon footprints of clothing care and maintenance contribute to anthropogenic climate change. A considerable percentage of carbon footprints of clothing care and maintenance a is due to laundry related activities. Waste management in clothing care and maintenance is responsible for producing hundreds of thousands of tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions every year, and these figures do not include other human activities that contribute to carbon footprints. With the addition of these amounts, they can be safely assumed to increase the overall carbon footprint for clothing care and maintenance far beyond the estimations of anyone.

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Throughout the summer and fall, feel free to continue reaching me by using my email: BillLippert@gmavt. Although we did not "legalize" marijuana, it remains a conundrum how and where a Vermonter can acquire either the seeds to grow marijuana, or buy the substance, without running afoul of federal law. The sale, purchase, possession or growing of marijuana remains altogether illegal under Vermont and federal law. Colorado and Washington state have gone further in confronting this discrepancy between federal and state law by voting to legalize the growing, selling and possession of marijuana. Federal Preemption of State Laws Which brings us to the conflict between the powers of the federal government versus the powers of the state governments: sometimes referred to as the issue of federal "preemption". If you rode the bus that beautiful, sunny morning, you were given a free gift and entered a raffle to win a Kindle Fire or a Seventh Generation bag of goodies. There were 30 people who rode the two morning commuter buses up the 116 corridor starting in Middlebury. The winner of the Kindle Fire was Tristin Adie, a South Burlington resident, and the winner of the Seventh Generation bag of goodies was Mark Bowman of Monkton. There will be more promotional events throughout the coming months so you, too, have a chance to win something. If you would like to become a volunteer driver, please call or email me at 482-2778 or karlamunson@hinesburgrides. We have a wide variety of medical equipment available for short or long-term loan. If you have something to donate (no motorized equipment please) also call Karla Munson at 482-2778. At 5 punches, fill out the back of the card, hand it in, and receive a little thank-you gift. Starksboro Hinesburg Paving Project By Francine Perkins the Vermont Agency of Transportation has awarded the Starksboro-Hinesburg road improvement project to Pike Industries. This project runs continuously along Route 116 from just south of Tatro Road in Starksboro north to the Hinesburg/St. Construction activities will consist of milling existing pavement, paving of leveling course and wearing (top) course, ditching/shoulder work, structure adjustment, guardrail improvements, and installation of new traffic signs, pavement markings and handicap sidewalk approaches. Crews started repairing shoulders in Starksboro the week of May 6; by the time you read this pavement milling should be complete and paving operations should be underway. Travel will be reduced to alternating one-way travel around the construction area. Please allow for extra time in your travel plans, and if you can take an alternate route, do so. Typical work hours are between the hours of 7:00 am and 7:00 pm Construction work updates will be published, weekly, at a minimum, and posted in various media sources and on Paint Stewardship Bill Clears Another Hurdle in the Vermont Legislature Raise your hand if you have a stash of leftover paint cans at your house. Based on existing programs in other states, that fee would likely amount to less than a dollar per gallon. Vermont already has five product stewardship laws on the books, covering automobile switches, batteries, electronics, fluorescent lamps, and thermostats, all of which contain hazardous materials. To show off your swing, it only costs $65 per player, or $250 for a four-person team. Since the device is not recyclable in your blue bin or cart, the problem is that recipients might not know that they need to remove it before recycling the flyer. If it is not removed, the device not only gets improperly mixed in with the paper and becomes a contaminant in the recycling process, but can cause malfunctions in the recycling machinery, or even become mismanaged hazardous waste, as in the case of many types of batteries. The electronic gadget is just one of many marketing ploys, including plastic cards and fake keys and other gimmicks.

The phase-locked-loop-based firing circuit is better for firing controlled thyristors at a constant, equidistant spacing. Three-phase Six-pulse Bridge Controlled Rectifier Generators on most aircrafts produce 115 V, 400 Hz. Power generated from the generators is directly used without modification or is routed through transformers, rectifiers and inverters to change voltage or type of current. Three-phase Controlled Rectifier for Landing Light Due to the difference in voltage levels of power circuit and firing controller circuit, the firing circuit must be isolated from the power circuit which has the high voltage system input of 115 V. And also for the purpose of producing synchronized firing angle for the rectifier used on high voltage system input, the low voltage input for the firing circuit must also be synchronized with the high voltage input of power circuit. Firing Circuit for Three-phase Controlled Rectifier Using Phase-Locked-Loop Technique the block diagram of a three-phase phase-locked- loop based firing controller circuit is illustrated in. The input voltage for the firing circuit is low level voltage which is the secondary low voltage of the step-down transformer. After passing the zero-crossing detector circuit, the input sine-wave signal is inversely converted into the square-wave signal and then is fed to the ramp-generator circuit as the input signal. The error blocking circuit is built to block the discharging error of the capacitor in the ramp-generator. A Block Diagram of Three-phase Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Firing Controller And then the phase-locked-loop circuit is driven by the output signal of the S-R flip-flop. This error is caused mainly by the modulated frequency of the pulse driver and the turn-on time delay of the thyristor. Zero-Crossing Detector It is designed for the usein level detection, low-level sensing and memory applications in consumer and automotive and industrial electronic application. In this project, it generates output when the input, which is the output sin-wave voltage signal of the step-down transformer, crosses a reference point; in this case zero volts or ground. The values of each component for the zero-crossing detector are selected according to the following equations: 1 + 2 < 10 1 + 2 5 3 = 4 7 2 5 4 /10 Eq (1) Eq (2) Eq (3) Eq (4) Eq (5) Eq (6) By choosing the value of resistor 5 about 10, the values of resistors, 1 and 2, will become 5. And according to the Equations 3 and 4, the values of resistors 3 and 4 are calculated and the result is 100. The simulation results for the zero-crossing detector circuits with the input ac signal and output inverse square-wave are shown in. Ramp-Comparator Circuit A ramp-comparator circuit is composed of two elements, a ramp-generator and a comparator. For the ramp-comparator circuit, the output voltage signal of the zero-crossing detector is used as the input signal of the ramp-comparator. And the values of each component of the ramp-generator are calculated as the following equation; = Eq (7) 0 By assuming the voltage for the maximum value about 1. And according to the reference [7], the value of is calculated as 120 but it is chosen about 100 in this paper. And the simulation results for the ramp-generator and also zero-crossing detector circuit are shown in Fig 5. The simulation results of ramp-generator and unity gain buffer amplifier are shown in Fig 6. Vi Vc td Figure 7 the Pulse Response of the Ramp-Generator Figure 6 Output Voltage Waveforms of Ramp-Generator and Buffer Amplifier C. Error Blocking Circuit One major problem is caused by discharging the capacitor of the ramp generator. In Fig 7, is the error term caused by the discharging error of the ramp-generator. One thing which can be done to avoid the discharging error is to add an additional discharging circuit to the output of the ramp-generator. Vi RampComparator Vout Vref Vc td Vo Vref Vout Fig 8 Error Blocking Circuit Figure 9 Pulses Response of the Error Blocking Circuit dx.

These and other problems have contributed to environmental change that exacerbated underdevelopment, poverty and food insecurity in the region. They have also limited the effectiveness of various response measures such as the Lagos Plan of Action and other environmental policies, which have been adopted by the region over the past 30 years. Some of the key environmental issues facing the region include land and forest degradation, habitat loss, water scarcity and pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, waste management, and natural disasters such as floods, droughts and earthquakes. What emerges from the assessment in previous sections is that some parts of the region are under severe stress, placing livelihood options for millions of people at risk. Other parts of the region, for example Japan, New Zealand and Australia, are sufficiently developed to cope with inevitable environmental changes caused by both human activities and natural phenomena. Regional challenges At the regional level, the major environmental issues include climate change, land and soil degradation, forest degradation and deforestation, freshwater stress and scarcity as well as quality/pollution, degradation and pollution of coastal and marine areas, loss of habitats and species, growth of unplanned settlements and mounting solid waste, and increasing droughts and floods. Many of the regions face similar environmental challenges, though the magnitude and extent of the problems varies. Europe In Europe, many of the key environmental issues are similar to those common in Africa, and Asia and the Pacific. These include forest degradation, water quantity and quality, coastal erosion and greenhouse gas emissions. Europe is generally one of the regions that is better placed to deal with its environmental challenges because of its economic development - and there are well established legal and institutional frameworks at both national and regional levels. Despite its advantages, however, the region cannot tackle global environmental issues alone and should continue to play a key role, particularly in the area of climate change. Greater synergy is critical and strategic policy development and implementation should include different stakeholders to avoid overlaps and competition which undermine effectiveness. The region has identified integrated water resources management as one of the key policy initiatives needed to improve management of its limited water resources. However, continued cooperation across various fronts at both t the regional and global levels should help address some of the existing problems and pinpoint emerging ones. In an unprecedented period of population increase, the environment has been heavily drawn upon to meet a multiplicity of human needs. In many areas, the state of the environment is much more fragile and degraded than it was in 1972. Binding legal regimes - some from before 1972 - now form the body of international environmental law, providing the appropriate muscle necessary to encourage compliance. Along with the policies and legal framework, the past three decades have also seen a proliferation of environmental institutions across public and private sectors, and civil society in general. Sustainable development and environmental standards have become part of the lingua franca of major corporations, with many now making annual environmental reporting part of the corporate agenda. Civil society has come of age, recording many successes at different levels - from community to the international level. Some of the successes that have been achieved since 1972 include the following: q q q the four gaps are a serious threat to sustainable development. The following paragraphs highlight some of the environmental challenges facing humanity today and some of the successes that have been achieved in the past three decades. Concern over levels of common air pollutants has resulted in encouraging reductions in many countries, achieved through specific policy measures, including emissions and air quality standards, as well as technology-based regulations and different market-based instruments. More holistic approaches to land management, such as integrated plant nutrition systems and integrated pest management, have been introduced with positive results for the health of agricultural ecosystems in some regions. Integrated water resources management is now widely accepted as a strategic policy initiative. A new theoretical understanding of the benefits of ecosystem services has emerged but, in practice, information and policy instruments to protect these have been lacking or sporadic. It is now recognized that poverty reduction, economic development and environmental stability should be mutual goals. Prosperity and an informed and active civil society have been key drivers of policies to address various environmental problems that became apparent early in the 30-year period in developed nations. Ambient air quality and point-source water pollution have been addressed satisfactorily in many areas; recycling has become more common; wastewater treatment has improved; pulp-and-paper industry effluents have declined and hazardous waste threats have been reduced. Successes in the developing world have been mixed: there has been a growing democratization and participation process positively underpinning environment-development in some regions, with a growing civil society awareness of the debate.