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C. Copper, M.A., M.D.

Professor, Stanford University School of Medicine

The Institute provides practical solutions to the growing challenges and opportunities of integrating environmental and social priorities with economic development. We report on international negotiations and share knowledge gained through collaborative projects, resulting in more rigorous research, stronger global networks, and better engagement among researchers, citizens, businesses and policy-makers. The Institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies, foundations, the private sector, and individuals. About the State of Sustainability Inititiaves the State of Sustainability Initiatives was established through a partnership of the international Institute for Environment and Development, AidEnvironment, Entwined and the Finance Alliance for Sustainable Trade. Standards and Biodiversity: Thematic Review June 2017 Jason Potts, Vivek Voora, Matthew Lynch, Aynur Mammadova Standards and Biodiversity: Thematic Review 1 Table of Contents Acknowledgements. In particular, we would like to thank the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the support provided by its staff during the preparation of the report, most notably, Markus Lehmann, Kristina Bowers and Ravi Sharma. It was also envisioned that they could be further taken up by existing initiatives and standards that address the interface of biodiversity and agricultural commodities. This is all the more urgent, as the growing demand for agricultural commodities will increase the pressures on biodiversity, unless these pressures are appropriately addressed. Voluntary sustainability standards are an important element of the necessary policy mix to redirect funding towards sustainable production practices and reducing biodiversity loss. This report makes an important contribution by providing a better understanding of the role and potential of different voluntary sustainability standards, and what policy-makers can do to promote their wider application and their more robust integration into overall policy frameworks. My appreciation and thanks go to the International Institute for Sustainable Development for this timely report. I hope that its analysis and recommendations will be taken into account in the further design of standards and associated public policies. D Executive Secretary Convention on Biological Diversity the importance of biodiversity and healthy ecosystems for agricultural production is increasingly being recognized, including in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. At the same time, while more sustainable practices are increasingly being adopted in agricultural production, agriculture remains the single largest cause of biodiversity loss. A number of voluntary standards for reducing adverse impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity have been developed for a number of key agricultural commodities. However, such standards were not necessarily developed from a common basis and are lacking for many other commodities. However, sustainability standards, being voluntary in nature, have developed through an idiosyncratic mix of political, economic and sustainability concerns, giving rise to a high degree of variability among standards systems themselves. And while the diversity of voluntary standards has enabled much-needed innovation in the definition, monitoring and enforcement of sustainable agricultural production, it has also given rise to its own set of questions. How do different initiatives compare in their treatment of biodiversity conservation? What are the actual impacts of such initiatives on biodiversity, and where are these impacts occurring? Although this report makes no pretense to answering such questions definitively, it does provide an important starting point for making such determinations. Ultimately, one of the most important findings of the report may be in its acting as a reminder of how close we are to the beginning of this trajectory. Although markets for certified products have been growing rapidly over the past decade, they still only represent a small portion of overall agricultural production, with many regions of production entirely absent. We all still face a steep learning curve in understanding how these initiatives can be leveraged to their intended outcomes in the most effective way. In this context, the recent growth of voluntary sustainability standards represents a major opportunity. Voluntary sustainability standards set common rules of practice across all actors within the global economy and allow producers and companies to compete on non-price factors, including social, economic and environmental sustainability. They have the potential to create systemic and enduring economic incentives for the adoption of sustainable practices. The opportunities presented by voluntary standards are particularly acute within the context of biodiversity conservation. Notwithstanding the significant market growth of voluntary standards across select agricultural sectors, standards remain a marginal force across global agricultural production as a whole. The total area covered by standards in the eight sectors where standards are most active reached 14. Similarly, we estimate that 100 per cent certification of these eight agricultural commodities would amount to a mere 12 per cent of global agricultural land area. If voluntary standards are to play a major role in reducing the impacts of agriculture on biodiversity loss, they will have to , at a minimum, establish a significant presence among other crops-most notably, staple crops such as wheat, maize and rice.

In isolated cases, therefore, the severity of micrognathia cannot be predicted from the sole appearance of the profile view. The absence of a mandibular gap in the coronal view of the face in the first trimester should therefore prompt the examiner to perform a detailed ultrasound in order to confirm micrognathia and to assess for the presence of other anomalies. Typically, micrognathia leads to a small mouth space, and in these cases the tongue is shifted backward to what is called glossoptosis, which is almost always combined with a cleft of the posterior palate. Such a condition has already been reported in the early second trimester52 and in our observation can also be seen in the first trimester. In suspected cases of micrognathia, we recommend a transvaginal ultrasound to visualize, if technically feasible, the posterior palate region. Note that the mandibular tip does not reach the anterior aspect of the maxilla in A and B, but rather reaches the midportion of it. Micrognathia can be isolated as in the context of Pierre Robin sequence but also can be part of numerous syndromic conditions. In this case, micrognathia was isolated, and a cleft palate was repaired after birth. Note in the normal fetus that the tip of the mandible (red arrow) reaches under the anterior aspect of the maxilla (asterisk), as shown in A and B. In the normal fetus, the retronasal triangle (C) demonstrates the normal mandibular gap. Associated Malformations Micrognathia can be an isolated finding as in Pierre Robin sequence, commonly with a cleft palate and glossoptosis, but can also be associated with other chromosomal abnormalities, including trisomies 18 and 13, triploidy, and numerous genetic syndromes. Low-set ears can be a marker for the possible association of micrognathia with syndromic conditions. The absence of a mandible or maxilla is observed in agnathia and is associated with otocephaly, a severe lethal condition. Anomalies of the Eyes Anomalies of eyes and orbits are rarely detected in the first trimester except in the presence of other fetal anomalies or in a prior family history of such conditions. Anomalies of eyes and orbits are typically found in association with alobar holoprosencephaly, as in the presence of proboscis for instance. Abnormal orbits, such as in hypotelorism or hypertelorism, are often subjectively assessed in the first trimester. In general, trisomies 13 and 18 are the most common conditions detected in such cases. Isolated anophthalmia is very rare, and microphthalmia can also be recognized when other fetal anomalies are present. Isolated microphthalmia or cataract can be difficult to diagnose at this early stage, as the anomaly itself may not be apparent in the first trimester of pregnancy. In high-risk patients, direct visualization of orbits and lenses with transvaginal ultrasound increases the reliability of demonstrating normal eyes and orbits. When suspected, a repeat ultrasound in the second trimester with the transvaginal approach, if feasible, will help to confirm or rule out abnormalities of eyes and orbits. Note the small, receded mandible (micrognathia) along with a thickened nuchal translucency (asterisk). Fetus A has marked hypotelorism in association with holoprosencephaly and trisomy 13. Fetus C has hypertelorism and abnormal orbital shape in association with trisomy 13 and odd facial features. Corresponding coronal views of the fetal face, showing the eyes are displayed in the lower images. Note the normal distance of the eyes (white lines) in the normal face in A, and narrowing of the orbits called hypotelorism in B. Pathogenesis of cystic hygroma is thought to result from the abnormal connection between the lymphatic and vascular systems, primarily from failure of development of the communication between the jugular lymphatic sac and the jugular vein. On occasion, however, a communication is established between the lymphatic and the vascular systems, resulting in resolution of the swelling.

Key differential points of each cases will be showed in the discussion section of each case. It consists of 5 components: 1) main tendinous insertion; 2) inferior muscular insertion; 3) superior tendinous slip; 4) medial capsuloligamentous insertion; 5) transverse humeral ligament 3. To review imaging features of the umbrella term that encompasses the term athletic pubalgia. Umbrella terms in athletic pubalgia (Rectus abdominis tears, adductor tears, rectus abdominis-adductor aponeurosis tears, Osteitis pubis, sports hernia, hockey goalie baseball pitcher syndrome) c. To review the different types of occult fractures by region and the most appropriate imaging modalities for its diagnosis. Standard image acquisition: beam and anatomical landmarks -Parameters that should be evaluated: description of the components, alignment relative to normal anatomic alignment. To be familiarized with the various radiographic foot angle measurements to define and characterize foot alignment 2. To gain insight into the usefulness of relevant foot angle measurements and radiographic signs to identify acquired foot deformities in an adult 3. To be familiarized with the recently introduced acetabular app and how to use it to arrive at the correct Judet-Letournel classification 2. To improve the diagnostic interpretation and classification of complex acetabular fractures 3. The presentation is multifactorial depending on the chronicity, patient age, pathogens, with a variety of mimicker making the diagnosis challenging. We review basic concepts including the pathophysiology, classification, and terminology. We describe expected post-surgical changes and worrisome signs suggesting of recurrence. Finally, we summaries with a table illustrating the most relevant signs according to each modality. Recognize common orthopedic hardware appearances throughout the body by radiographic appearance. Recognize less commonly encountered orthopedic hardware and post-procedural appearances throughout the body by radiographic appearance. To review the normal bone marrow pattern on the axial and appendicular skeleton and their variants. Objectively outline how radiologists should approach a focal or diffuse signal change in the bone marrow and how to make the main differential diagnoses, focusing on the differentiation between lesions of benign etiology and suspicious lesions for neoplastic involvement. Provide didactic and illustrative cases in a challenging format to test and consolidate the acquired knowledge. Provide schematic figures and cases to represent the concept of this presentation. Calcified bodies are pathognomonic-Pigmented villonodular synovitis classically demonstrates synovial hemorrhage. They are individually rare, but collectively rather common with approximate incidence of 1/5000. Most skeletal dysplasias have identifiable pathognomonic pattern of skeletal changes, and the diagnosis mostly rests on pattern recognition approach. It is not difficult for radiologists to become familiar with the key radiological findings. The purpose of this exhibit is 1) to demonstrate key radiological findings and pathognomonic patterns of common skeletal dysplasias and 2) to review their clinical and genetic features that radiologists should be aware so as to participate in multidisciplinary patient care. To present the most typical clinical and radiological findings of Ankylosing Spondylitis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis and Spondyloarthrosis. To define the major tips to differentiate the three entities, including some other differential diagnoses. Present the typical radiological features of each pathology, focused on the spine but also discussing sacroiliac, peripheral joints and the enthesis, including the fact that some of them can overlap in more than one disease. Briefly illustrate the most common differential diagnosis, like other spondyloarthritis.

Lower house of Parliament passed in June 2011, upper house to pass by December 2011. Distinction between Wireline and Mobile Broadband Services Existing mobile networks generally present operational constraints that wireline broadband networks do not typically encounter, particularly relating to efficient use of the spectrum. This puts greater pressure on concepts such as "reasonable network management" for mobile broadband providers. As a result, some regulatory authorities have recognized the need to establish differentiated network management rules for wireline and mobile broadband services. Since traffic management rules were not imposed by the open Internet report, no distinction is made between wireline and mobile services. However, the transparency, disclosure, and switching rules apply equally to both wireline and mobile Internet providers. Security in Cyberspace Broadband services and applications are increasingly expanding into every aspect of our lives. Greater numbers of consumers are now using broadband Internet connections for education, entertainment, banking, and shopping as well as to interact socially and with their governments. Businesses are using broadband to increase their internal efficiency and productivity, and online web representation has become more important for many businesses than traditional marketing channels such as printed publicity materials. In an increasingly broadband-connected environment, even brief interruption, degradation, or compromise of service may have significant social, economic, and political consequences that negatively affect consumers, businesses, and governments. Given these consequences, the success of Law and Regulation for a Broadband World 129 broadband requires a significant focus on security. From the demand side, users need to feel safe online if they are to take full advantage of broadband services and applications, and businesses need to have confidence in their ability to leverage broadband to increase productivity and engage in online activities. In addition, governments must possess the capabilities to enforce cyber laws, which in many cases requires cross-border cooperation. As such, cybersecurity and cybercrime policies, laws, regulations, and enforcement will play a critical role in development of the broadband ecosystem. This legal framework may include criminal codes, laws on privacy, commercial transactions, and electronic communications, and laws relating to criminal procedure and enforcement, among others. Overall, these policies and laws must balance the many inherent trade-offs between, for example, the desire to access information conveniently and easily, on the one hand, and the need to protect data privacy and security, on the other hand. Data Protection the ability to protect digital data is essential to promoting a safe and secure broadband ecosystem, which increases consumer confidence and thereby enhances demand. Infrastructure is considered to be critical if its destruction would have a debilitating impact on the defense or economic stability of the country. It is important to consider the role of standards and the role of government in 130 Broadband Strategies Handbook developing those standards. At both an international and a national level, private, governmental, and nongovernmental sectors need to take steps to increase the security of their networks, services, and products. The effectiveness of any critical infrastructure protection program is directly proportional to the extent of cooperation among these actors. They are designed to promote information sharing and strengthen coordination among both the private sector and government agencies. Law and Regulation for a Broadband World 131 Cybercrime Cybercrime can be broadly described as criminal offenses committed within or against computer networks or by means of computer networks. Cybercrime policies and laws focus on the investigation and criminalization of certain offenses, as well as their prevention and deterrence. Offenses against the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of computer data and systems 2. All of the offenses in the first category are directed against one of the three legal principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability. As opposed to crimes that have been covered by criminal law for centuries, the computerization of crime is relatively recent. In order to prosecute these acts, existing criminal law provisions need not only to protect tangible items and physical documents but also to safeguard the above-mentioned legal principles. Some of the most commonly occurring offenses in this category include illegal access (hacking and cracking), data espionage, illegal interception, data interference, and system interference. Computer-related offenses cover cybercrimes that require computer access to commit. These offenses tend to have more effective and stringent legal repercussions than offenses in the other categories mentioned above. The most common computer-related offenses include computer-related fraud, computer-related forgery (phishing and identity theft), and the misuse of devices.

In Vietnam, where there has been a significant expansion in rubber plantations, research in five Central Highland provinces revealed that about 79 percent of rubber plantation was established in areas that were originally natural forest, and not necessarily classified as degraded forest 83 (To Xuan Phuc and Tran Huu Nghi 2014). Besides the growth of market economies and investment from firms in China and Vietnam, this is driven by increasing rural populations in some areas (see Section 7. In general, conversion of forest to plantations implies wholesale loss of forest-adapted species. In Vietnam, the post-war human demographic explosion and extensive clearing for coffee, rubber, and cashew across the south of the country have reduced the available habitat for yellow-cheeked gibbon, black-shanked douc and other globally threatened species. One documented case of the effect of plantations on a globally threatened species is that of Hainan gibbon. The area of forest on Hainan Island considered able to support the species fell by 58 percent between 1991 and 2008, with plantations the main factor below 760 meters (Zhang et al. Some widely introduced tree crops, such as eucalypts, actually have allelopathic impacts on native biota (Fang et al. At best, plantations of non-native trees provide some habitat structure and ground cover, as well as an alternative source of timber to natural forest. The replacement of forest by permanent arable agriculture has a long history in the hotspot, of which vast areas now lie under rice, maize, tobacco, cassava and sugarcane, along with the patchier occurrence of other crops, such as cotton, soybean, sorghum, cassava, wheat and peanuts (Clay 2004, Pollard and Evans 2008). Globally, tropical forests were the main source of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s (Gibbs et al. Agricultural expansion is taking place along the edges of large forested regions, such as the northern edge of the Central Dry Zone and in the Ayeyarwady and Myitha River valleys in Myanmar (Leimgruber et al. Not all forms of shifting cultivation are detrimental to forest biodiversity (Pye-Smith 1997), especially when compared with the alternative of conversion to permanent agricultural 84 estate (including plantations). There is a need to maintain or reassert such systems, which are able to sustain a rich tapestry of landscape, tradition and culture supporting biodiversity of global importance is being fragmented as a result of agricultural intensification (P. There is a need to review the compatibility of such systems with forest conservation and safeguard against unsustainable practices. Cardamom is one crop that may be compatible with conserving semi-natural forest, if the economic context (Ducourtieux et al. However, experience from the Hoang Lien mountains of northern Vietnam demonstrates the potential of this crop to destroy habitat for montane birds through changes to understory structure (Eames and Mahood 2011). While there are limits on the amount of new land suitable for arable farming, there will continue to be escalating demand for land to meet the food, fiber and fuel demands of the burgeoning human population, exacerbated by depletion of soil nutrients and fossil-fuelderived fertilizers, and increasingly unpredictable climates (van Vuuren et al. In many cases, fire, over-grazing and over-harvesting of firewood are additional threats, inhibiting the recovery of fallow or abandoned fields. Floodplain swamps and wetlands, notably seasonally inundated grasslands, have suffered immense historical losses to agricultural and aquacultural expansion. In the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, almost all natural grasslands have been converted for intensive rice cultivation (Buckton et al. In Myanmar, where rates of loss have been quantified, mangroves are one of the ecosystems most severely threatened by habitat loss (Leimgruber et al. Impacts include not only habitat loss but also interference with ecosystem hydrology, loss of storm barriers, and the demand for associated roads and other infrastructure (Clay 2004). Aquacultural expansion into mangrove threatens individual species, such as the Critically Endangered mangrove tree Sonneratia griffithii, as well as the critical services provided by these ecosystems, such as provision of nursery areas for fish and other marine species that support local incomes and food security. However, various forces, including the need for aquacultural pond owners to generate rapid financial returns in order to repay loans for the construction and lease of ponds, are driving a shift to unsustainable forms of intensive aquaculture, leading to die-back of mangrove and loss of habitat for many waterbirds. Intertidal mudflats in the Indo-Burma Hotspot are the feeding areas of hundreds of thousands of migratory and resident shorebirds. At least 20 shorebird species, including the Critically Endangered spoon-billed sandpiper, occur in internationally significant numbers, and several areas qualify for Ramsar designation (Round 2000, Wetlands International 2002). Piecemeal afforestation of intertidal areas with mangrove is a threat to the most important areas for migratory shorebirds, including the Inner Gulf of Thailand and the Red River Delta of Vietnam (Pedersen and Nguyen Huy Thang 1996, Erftermeijer and Lewis 1999). Mangrove afforestation changes the nature of the substrate, making intertidal mudflats unsuitable for dependent bird species such as the Endangered black-faced spoonbill (Yu and Swennen 2001). The forces driving afforestation of mudflats include the coastal protection, land reclamation, and aquaculture development agendas of national and local governments, and financial incentives from national forestry programs. Increasing regional demand for flood control, irrigation, and, especially, electricity generation is fueling a wave of dam construction on large rivers (see Section 7.