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Since 2007, the Southeastern Wisconsin Watersheds Trust has been focusing efforts on watershed restoration plans, watershed action teams, rehabilitation projects, and land protection. Residential properties are being purchased to widen flood plains for re-creating flood storage and to rehabilitate the system to a more natural flow regime. Urban development is occurring on all types of landscape, from mostly forested areas to mainly agricultural land cover such as grazing lands. Chapter 7 ­ Key Challenges in Managing Urban Stream Ecosystems 87 the Response of Streams to Urban Development Varies Across Regions of the Country Because of differences in climate, geology, topography, and historical land-use patterns, all of which define stream ecosystems, streams in different regions of the country respond differently to urban development. These environmental differences lead to variations in how hydrology, habitat, stream chemistry, and aquatic biota respond to urban development. These regional differences also were evident in the biological community characteristics of streams with undeveloped watersheds as well as in the rate at which the biological communities changed as urban development occurred. Management Implications · Protection and rehabilitation strategies for urban stream ecosystems need to account for the influence of regional characteristics, such as climate, geology, topography, and historical land-use patterns, in addition to the effects of multiple stressors. Streams draining forested watersheds are likely to support the most sensitive biological communities; therefore, forest conservation is particularly important to limit impacts as forested watersheds are urbanized. Characterizing the set of conditions that are expected for a least-developed stream in a region is a major challenge, however, especially when comparing stream health in different parts of the country (Herlihy and others, 2008). In contrast, invertebrate sample data from the Northern Appalachians region, which includes all of the New England states, most of New York, the northern half of Pennsylvania, and northeastern Ohio, indicate that only 28 percent of the stream lengths were in good or fair condition. Trees capture rainfall in their canopies and further reduce runoff and pollutants through processes such as evapotranspiration, infiltration, and nutrient transformation. Yet, these natural processes vary widely by tree species and other characteristics, making it difficult to measure these benefits and translate them into a simple and quantifiable credit system. Variations in these least-disturbed conditions may lead to inaccurate conclusions about relative health of streams in a region. Tools such as the Biological Condition Gradient may enable more accurate comparisons of the health of streams across regions. Invertebrate communities in least-disturbed streams typically have more sensitive species than streams in watersheds that have been subjected to some degree of human disturbances. However, much of the Temperate Plains region has been altered by human disturbance, such as agricultural activities, and streams meeting the criterion for least-disturbed conditions had relatively fewer sensitive species than did the least-disturbed streams in the Northern Appalachian region. Comparison of stream conditions between regions may not be valid when the least-disturbed conditions vary between the regions. In essence, this led to different starting points for comparing streams in the Temperate Plains region with those in the Northern Appalachians region. In the Temperate Plains region, relatively little difference in the biological conditions of streams reflected the presence of agricultural land uses in the least-disturbed watersheds. In the Northern Appalachian region, where the least-disturbed watersheds were primarily forested, the streams were more likely to have sensitive species. Therefore, for a given level of disturbance in a watershed, a stream in the Northern Appalachian region would be more likely to show greater departure from least-disturbed conditions than would a stream in the Temperate Plains region. An issue of potential concern for resource managers in using least-disturbed streams to define reference conditions is that the qualities of what is considered a healthy stream can vary greatly from region to region. When assessments of stream health are based on regionally distinct reference biological communities, they are generally difficult to compare across regions. This is evident, for example, when tolerant species dominate the biological community in least-disturbed streams of a region where prior land-use disturbances have caused a decrease in the number of sensitive species. Informative comparisons across regions can be made only when they are based on a common frame of reference. B C Strategies to reduce, disconnect, or treat impervious cover and increase stormwater infiltration include (A) installing permeable pavements instead of impervious asphalt or concrete in low-traffic parking areas (photograph by Center for Watershed Protection, Ellicott City, Md. Social scientists are interested in characterizing the value and benefits of these same outcomes to society, whether the benefits are tangible, such as revenue from tourism, or intangible, such as the enjoyment of walking along a healthy stream. As noted by Boyd and Banzhaf (2007), when natural and physical science are disconnected from social science, science-based information that is expressed only in terms that are meaningful to scientists cannot effectively influence public policy. Consequently, policymakers may not be able to make a direct connection between the condition of a stream described solely in scientific terms, however valid, and its impacts on human well-being. For instance, even a very complete and scientifically sound description of species diversity in a stream may not provide a meaningful connection to tangible benefits to people.

And the Liberal/ National government elected in 2010 is reviewing the draft 2013 Victorian Coastal Strategy document at the time of this writing. The coastal management system brought into being by the act could, like any other creation of public policy makers, fall victim to partisan politics if a new government at some time decides to make its mark with a major change in strategy. The system has, however, endured several cycles of change in government, and is currently an important component of participatory environmental management in Victoria. The Victorian Coastal Strategy document has benefited from being the subject of courses taught at Deakin University, a measure that yielded continuous attention to and suggestions for refinement of the strategy process. It also trained a new generation of coastal zone managers who have contributed to strategy implementation over the course of nearly two decades. In addition to producing a peer-reviewed paper, I was able to engage several undergraduate students in studying the creation and implementation of coastal strategy. Upon graduation, several were able to find employment in the field as executive officers of the Coastal Council, regional coastal boards, and community-based coast care programs. At present, the statewide coordinator of the coast care community education and outreach program is a Deakin Ph. The process also enriched ongoing undergraduate and postgraduate research at Deakin. This network played a vital role in stimulating public interest in coastal and marine matters (Wescott and Fitzsimons 2011). Several other environmental projects arose during this period in connection with the establishment of the Victorian coastal strategy process. In November 2002, the Australian government established a system of "no-take" national parks and sanctuaries covering 5. The other clear marker of success has been the integration of the teaching, learning, and research of coastal and marine management issues within Deakin. University-based research led to a system that was then modified and adopted by the state. Students were able to witness firsthand the development and implementation of the coastal management system as an example of policy processes. The incorporation of real-world research into education led directly to employment for graduates in coastal management and to other students carry ing out coastal research at the undergraduate honors (fourth-year-thesis­based) and Ph. In turn, the outcomes of this research were fed back into the system, which has improved as a result. Second, there is no formalized policy or procedure for carry ing on once the founder has entirely stepped aside. There are no memoranda of understanding, no contracts, and no written confirmation of the informal organic relationships that have emerged between the university and its partners in this effort. The university also lacks an evaluation system that recognizes and rewards such external community ser vice; like many institutions of higher learning, Deakin focuses its staff evaluations on the traditional areas of research and teaching. Only certain types of service-on-campus administrative and professional association service-are recognized for evaluation purposes. The latter weakness represents an opportunity to develop institutional processes that internally recognize university-based projects and longer-term efforts that provide durable, strategically significant benefits to the community. The creation of such policies, as well as the establishment of incentives for faculty to provide such community benefits, could transform a number of academic careers at Deakin. The most obvious threat to this effort is the loss of key individuals from the project. It is hoped that such change will not simply emerge from a misplaced desire for perpetual newness in the political system or within the academic institution, regardless of outcomes in the real world. In a complementary fashion, such an individual also needs to be able to reach inward, translating real-world experience into research projects that equip students, as they graduate, to contribute their talents to ongoing work in the general community. If universities are able to consistently reward and promote such individuals, both the academy and society will benefit. In the process, the significant potential for social advancement, sometimes locked behind the walls of academic institutions, may be productively harnessed. An Independent Review of the Coastal Management Act 1995 After Ten Years of Operation. Under the terms of the binational agreement, these two governments prepared a strategic plan for the eradication of beavers in Tierra del Fuego, a step seen as essential to the restoration of southern Patagonian ecosystems that have come under severe threat from this introduced and invasive species.

Focuses on aspects of auditory physiology that gives rise to auditory perceptions. Emphasizes the use of the auditory system to understand principles of sensory system organization and to compare and contrast different sensory modalities. Covers laboratory and field research methods, personality and dependent variable measurement, research design, bias and artifacts, and meta-analysis. Also addresses interview and surveys, focus groups, research publication, and ethics. Consists of seminars, oral reports, and discussions by students, faculty, and visiting scholars on current trends in cognitive neuroscience. Emphasis on contemporary research design and quantitative problems relevant to the on-going research areas of graduate students and faculty. Introduces the technical and theoretical issues involved in using models to understand behavior. Emphasis is on hands-on analysis of model predictions and simulation of behavioral data. Study and discussion of experimental papers in relation to the theory of perceptual processes. Emphasis is on recent and important experimental findings and on theoretical development. Selected advanced topics in personality with an emphasis on experimental findings and theoretical interpretations. Develops skills in research methodologies currently available to cognitive scientists such as eye-tracking, computational modeling, signal detection, neuroimaging, and event-related potential techniques. Emphasis is on critically examining assumptions of methods and current research utilizing each method, and on how each is being utilized to address theoretical and empirical questions. Presentations by students, departmental faculty, or visiting scholars describing current research in cognitive psychology. A study of selected advanced topics in quantitative methods specifically for behavioral research, especially multivariate analysis. Presentations by students, departmental faculty, and visiting scholars describing current research in developmental psychology. Presentations by students, departmental faculty, and visiting scholars describing current research in social/personality psychology. Professional Courses Prerequisite(s): admission to graduate standing in Psychology Teaching Assistant Development. Program offered by the Teaching Assistant Development Office of the Graduate Division. Involves oral presentations on current research topics in neuroscience by visiting scholars, faculty, and students. Prerequisite(s): Major Public policy analysis is the use of decision-making theory and evidence-based methods to the study of substantive public policy problems. The objective of public policy analysis is to improve the quality of public policy-making by critically examining the design and relevance of public policies, their implementation and execution, and their impact on households, communities, and the society at large. For instance, policies to address health problems in society must draw on developments in philosophy, economics, political science, medicine, and ethics (among other disciplines). Designed for beginning graduate students planning an academic or research career in psychology. Includes transition to graduate school, setting career goals, time management, professional and research ethics, scientific writing and publication, preparation of fellowship applications, and oral presentation skills. Designed for advanced graduate students planning a teaching and/or research career in psychology. Covers teaching; conducting research; interviewing, writing, and oral presentation skills; the academic job market and the job application process; and nonacademic careers. Career Opportunities A degree in public policy equips students to go into a range of different careers. Examples include working as a policy analyst for local, regional, state, or national government agencies; a governmental or public relations officer for a private sector firm; an employee of a public advocacy group; or as a leader of a community-based, non-profit organization. It will be devoted to specific additional projects related to the 100-series course. Minor research studies or exploratory work toward the development of the dissertation problem. The Public Policy Program Committee helps students locate internship opportunities.

For example, children with early onset psychiatric problems were less likely to have graduated from high school or attended college. She found that boys who fell into the top decile of an aggregate behavior problems score at ages seven, eleven, or sixteen had lower educational attainment, earnings, and probabilities of employment at age twenty-three. They compared affected children to their own siblings (within a sibling fixedeffects context similar to the models used to examine low birth weight reviewed earlier). The survey questions are similar to those that would be used as part of a medical diagnosis, and because all of the children surveyed are asked the same questions, a "mental health score" can be constructed for all children in the sample, including those with potentially mild disabilities that would not result in a diagnosis. This feature allows researchers to examine the effect of both high and low levels of mental health disability on outcomes. Finally, because children are compared with their own siblings, the estimates control for both observed and unobserved family characteristics that are shared by siblings. For example, the results suggest that the effect of moving from the mean to the lowest hyperactivity score in the United States on the probability of repeating a grade is similar to the effect of an additional $50,000 in family income. The results are strikingly similar across children in the United States and Canada despite the significant differences in the health insurance systems across the two countries. The authors also found that socioeconomic status made surprisingly little difference; outcomes for poorer siblings were about the same as those for better-off siblings. Consistent with other studies, the effects of early mental health disorders persist into the future even when Currie and Stabile controlled for contemporaneous mental health problems, suggesting that the effects of these problems may be cumulative and costly. Estimates in the United States suggest that one in ten children has asthma and that the prevalence of asthma among children has doubled over the past twenty-five years. As with the other disabilities examined here, understanding the longer-term consequences of asthma in childhood is complicated by this correlation with socioeconomic status, treatment effects, and other omitted variables that may be correlated with all of these. Point-in-time comparisons support a correlation between asthma in childhood and poor future health. One study, for example, estimated the cost to society of caring for children with autism, in 2005 in Sweden, to be 50,000 euros annually per child, or about $70,000 (in 2005 dollars). The estimate included costs of services, cost of informal care, and the cost of lost productivity. Direct costs to families are a function of insurance systems in different jurisdictions; therefore, our estimates for these costs must be interpreted with some caution. We then add some estimates of the direct costs on social programs in the United States. Where the estimates drawn from the empirical literature vary considerably, we present a range of estimates. Although these figures represent many of the major components of the cost of childhood disability, we do not claim to have captured all the costs. In particular, we have not attempted to measure either the costs of the medical care that is paid for by private insurance companies or the cost in decreased well-being of families. Because we do not include all of the costs, we regard our estimates as a lower bound on the true costs of childhood disability. Estimates of direct costs to families with a child with disabilities vary considerably depending on the severity of the disability and the estimation strategy. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates a participation rate for women of 61 percent, which suggests a participation rate of closer to 52 percent for women with a disabled child. Assuming a decline in employment of 9 percentage points for mothers with a disabled child relative to all mothers, we estimate an annual loss in earnings from absence from the labor force of approximately $3,150, with a large range depending on the estimates used. The second major category of personal cost is the future cost to the child through lost labor market activity. Lost labor market activity is, in part, a function of reduced accumulation of human capital. To avoid assumptions on the exact relationship between human capital accumulation and labor market activity, we restrict ourselves to estimates of the direct effects of childhood disability on future earnings. A 10 percent increase in birth weight has been estimated to increase earnings by 1. Therefore, a child who weighs 3,500 grams at birth is likely to earn 4 to 14 percent more than a child weighing 2,500 grams at birth (a difference of approximately two pounds.