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R. Kalesch, M.A., M.D., Ph.D.

Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Carle Illinois College of Medicine

Exocrine pancreatic pathology in female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats after chronic treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and dioxin-like compounds. Olfactory epithelial metaplasia and hyperplasia in female Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats following chronic treatment with polychlorinated biphenyls. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates leflunomide-induced growth inhibition of melanoma cells. Evaluation of immuno- and reproductive toxicities and association between immunotoxicological and genotoxicological parameters in waste incineration workers. Dioxin stimulates synthesis and secretion of IgE-dependent histaminereleasing factor. Increased expression of IgE-dependent histamine-releasing factor in endometriotic implants. Dioxin interferes in chromosomal positioning through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Toxicological implications of polymorphisms in receptors for xenobiotic chemicals: the case of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Human papillomavirus and related diseases-from bench to bedside: A clinical perspective. Epidemiological characteristics of chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes in women of agricultural communities of El Salvador. Prenatal organochlorine and methylmercury exposure and memory and learning in school-age children in communities near the New Bedford Harbor superfund site, Massachusetts. Occupational exposure to pesticides and lymphoid neoplasms among men: Results of a French case-control study. Psychological health of Australian Vietnam veterans and its relationship to combat. The physical and mental health of Australian Vietnam veterans 3 decades after the war and its relation to military service, combat, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Factors associated with civilian mortality in Australian Vietnam Veterans three decades after the war. A mortality analysis of employees engaged in the manufacture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Cohort mortality study of chemical workers with potential exposure to the higher chlorinated dioxins. Hepatic gene downregulation following acute and subchronic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Pesticide use, immunologic conditions, and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Canadian men in six provinces. Hodgkin lymphoma, multiple myeloma, soft tissue sarcomas, insect repellents, and phenoxy-herbicides. Soft-tissue sarcoma and pesticides exposure in men: Results of a Canadian case-control study. Fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid protects against oxidative stress-related renal dysfunction induced by tcdd in Wistar rats. Interactions of herbicides 2,4-D and dinoseb with liver mitochondrial bioenergetics. Metabolic alterations in hepatocytes promoted by the herbicides paraquat, dinoseb and 2,4-D. Effects of paraquat, dinoseb and 2,4-D on intracellular calcium and on vasopressin-induced calcium mobilization in isolated hepatocytes. Thiols metabolism is altered by the herbicides paraquat, dinoseb and 2,4-D: A study in isolated hepatocytes. Dioxin-induced chloracne-Reconstructing the cellular and molecular mechanisms of a classic environmental disease. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene, semen quality and testicular cancer risk.

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? The person is prone with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. The person is standing facing the observer, with upper limbs extended out at a ninety-degree angle from the torso and lower limbs in a wide stance with feet pointing laterally c. The person is supine with upper limbs, including palms, touching sides and lower limbs touching at sides. To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the. For whom would an appreciation of the structural characteristics of the human heart come more easily: an alien who lands on Earth, abducts a human, and dissects his heart, or an anatomy and physiology student performing a dissection of the heart on her very first day of class? Explain why the smell of smoke when you are sitting at a campfire does not trigger alarm, but the smell of smoke in your residence hall does. When you open a bottle of sparkling water, the carbon dioxide gas in the bottle form bubbles. Identify the four components of a negative feedback loop and explain what would happen if secretion of a body chemical controlled by a negative feedback system became too great. What regulatory processes would your body use if you were trapped by a blizzard in an unheated, uninsulated cabin in the woods? If a bullet were to penetrate a lung, which three anterior thoracic body cavities would it enter, and which layer of the serous membrane would it encounter first? Explain why ultrasound imaging is the technique of choice for studying fetal growth and development. In the periodic table of the elements, elements in a single column have the same number of electrons that can participate in a chemical reaction. What happens to the charged electroscope when a conductor is moved between its plastic sheets, and why? The characteristic that gives an element its distinctive properties is its number of. On the periodic table of the elements, mercury (Hg) has an atomic number of 80 and a mass number of 200. The smallest unit of an element that still retains the distinctive behavior of that element is an. A substance formed of crystals of equal numbers of cations and anions held together by ionic bonds is called a(n). Which of the following is most likely to be found evenly distributed in water in a homogeneous solution? The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. As she is waiting for the first few pancakes to cook, she notices the chocolate chips sinking to the bottom of the clear glass mixing bowl. Ty is three years old and as a result of a "stomach bug" has been vomiting for about 24 hours. Which of the following combinations of atoms is most likely to result in a chemical reaction? Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. Which of the following is a functional group that is part of a building block of proteins? A pentose sugar is a part of the monomer used to build which type of macromolecule? The most abundant elements in the foods and beverages you consume are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. When you do a load of laundry, why do you not just drop a bar of soap into the washing machine? If it were to react with another atom, would it be more likely to accept or to donate one or more electrons? Not long thereafter, he begins complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his 37. There, he is given an atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen does maltose intravenous solution of bicarbonate.

Blowing, decrescendo diastolic murmur along left sternal border (along right sternal border with aortic dilatation). Clinical Manifestations Hepatomegaly, ascites, edema, jaundice, jugular venous distention with slow y descent (Chap. Diastolic rumbling murmur along left sternal border increased by inspiration with loud presystolic component. Doppler echocardiography demonstrates thickened valve and impaired separation of leaflets and provides estimate of transvalvular gradient. Tricuspid Regurgitation Intensive diuretic therapy when right-sided heart failure signs are present. In severe cases (in absence of severe pulmonary hypertension), surgical treatment consists of tricuspid annuloplasty or valve replacement. Other causes include previous myocarditis, toxins [ethanol, certain antineoplastic agents (doxorubicin, truastuzumab, imatinib mesylate)], connective tissue disorders, muscular dystrophies, "peripartum. Regional wall motion abnormalities suggest coronary artery disease rather than primary cardiomyopathy. Chronic anticoagulation with warfarin, recommended for very low ejection fraction (<25%), if no contraindications. Note: Must distinguish restrictive cardiomyopathy from constrictive pericarditis, which is surgically correctable. Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Salt restriction and diuretics ameliorate pulmonary and systemic congestion; digitalis is not indicated unless systolic function is impaired or atrial arrhythmias are present. Anticoagulation often indicated, particularly in pts with eosinophilic endomyocarditis. Typically results from mutations in sarcomeric proteins (autosomal dominant transmission). Physical Examination Brisk carotid upstroke with pulsus bisferiens; S 4, harsh systolic murmur along left sternal border, blowing murmur of mitral regurgitation at apex; murmur changes with Valsalva and other maneuvers (Chap. Periods of atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia are often detected by Holter monitor. Beta blockers, verapamil, diltiazem, or disopyramide used individually to reduce symptoms. Antiarrhythmic agents, especially amiodarone, may suppress atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Chagas disease is a common cause of myocarditis in endemic areas, typically Central and South America. For a more detailed discussion, see Wynne J, Braunwald E: Cardiomyopathy and Myocarditis, Chap. Physical Examination Rapid or irregular pulse, coarse pericardial friction rub, which may vary in intensity and is loudest with pt sitting forward. Echocardiogram Most readily available test for detection of pericardial effusion, which commonly accompanies acute pericarditis. Intractable, prolonged pain or frequently recurrent episodes may require pericardiectomy. Anticoagulants are relatively contraindicated in acute pericarditis because of risk of pericardial hemorrhage. Etiology Previous pericarditis (most commonly metastatic tumor, uremia, viral or idiopathic pericarditis), cardiac trauma, or myocardial perforation during catheter or pacemaker placement. History Hypotension may develop suddenly; subacute symptoms include dyspnea, weakness, confusion. Physical Examination Tachycardia, hypotension, pulsus paradoxus (inspiratory fall in systolic blood pressure >10 mmHg), jugular venous distention with preserved x descent, but loss of y descent; heart sounds distant. If tamponade develops subacutely, peripheral edema, hepatomegaly, and ascites are frequently present.

Indirect joint support is provided by the muscles and their tendons that act across a joint. Muscles will increase their contractile force to help support the joint by resisting forces acting on it. The primary support for the shoulder joint is provided by the four rotator cuff muscles. These muscles serve as "dynamic ligaments" and thus can modulate their strengths of contraction as needed to hold the head of the humerus in position at the glenoid fossa. Additional but weaker support comes from the coracohumeral ligament, an intrinsic ligament that supports the superior aspect of the shoulder joint, and the glenohumeral ligaments, which are intrinsic ligaments that support the anterior side of the joint. Since the medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament, the meniscus is also injured. An area called the joint interzone located between adjacent cartilage models will become a synovial joint. Additional mesenchyme cells at the periphery of the interzone become the articular capsule. The remaining skull bones and the bones of the limbs are formed by endochondral ossification. In this, mesenchymal cells differentiate into hyaline cartilage cells that produce a cartilage model of the future bone. The cartilage is then gradually replaced by bone tissue over a period of many years, during which the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate can continue to grow to allow for enlargement or lengthening of the bone. A small motor has one neuron supplying few skeletal muscle fibers for very fine movements, like the extraocular eye muscles, where six fibers are supplied by one neuron. The delayed opening of potassium channels allows K+ to exit the cell, to repolarize the membrane. Endurance exercise can also increase the amount of myoglobin in a cell and formation of more extensive capillary networks around the fiber. Cardiac muscle cells are branched and contain intercalated discs, which skeletal muscles do not have. Single-unit smooth muscle cells contract synchronously, they are coupled by gap junctions, and they exhibit spontaneous action potential. Multiunit smooth cells lack gap junctions, and their contractions are not synchronous. These allow smooth muscle cells to regenerate and repair much more readily than skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue. Chapter 11 1 D 2 A 3 B 4 A 5 C 6 C 7 A 8 A 9 C 10 D 11 D 12 C 13 B 14 B 15 B 16 C 17 A 18 D 19 B 20 C 21 B 22 B 23 A 24 A 25 D 26 B 27 B 28 Fascicle arrangements determine what type of movement a muscle can make. Agonists are the prime movers while antagonists oppose or resist the movements of the agonists. Portions, or roots, of the word give us clues about the function, shape, action, or location of a muscle. They work on the hyoid bone, with the suprahyoid muscles pulling up and the infrahyoid muscles pulling down. Facial muscles are different in that they create facial movements and expressions by pulling on the skin-no bone movements are involved. The diaphragm separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities is the primary muscle of breathing. The pelvic diaphragm, consisting of two paired muscles, the coccygeus and the levator ani, forms the pelvic floor at the inferior end of the trunk. Many are single-celled, and therefore have organelles for perception and movement. There are differences between the nervous systems of invertebrates (such as a leech) and vertebrates, but not for the sake of what these experiments study. Calcium ions make it possible for synaptic vesicles to release their contents through exocytosis. Efferent means "away from," as in motor commands that travel from the brain down the spinal cord and out into the periphery.