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H. Killian, M.B.A., M.B.B.S., M.H.S.

Clinical Director, Homer G. Phillips College of Osteopathic Medicine

For discussion of the empirical literature that emerged at this time, see Francis T. It no longer can claim to be the dominant model, but it is clearly the case that offender treatment is seen in most places as an important correctional goal. Importantly, Canadian scholars took up this challenge, and it is to that story that we now turn. Farrington, Preventing Future Offending of Delinquents and Offenders: What Have We Learned from Experiments and Meta-Analyses? Thus, this perspective argues that treatment programs will be most effective if they comply with three principles. Finally, the responsivity principle (R) advises that staff use treatments that are capable of changing dynamic risk factors- that is, that are "responsive" to them. The most effective strategies fall into the category of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Its central premise is that incorrect or maladaptive cognitions lead and help to maintain problematic emotions and conduct. Cognitive restructuring involves recognizing maladaptive cognitions and substituting more adaptive cognitions for them. The other model is cognitive-behavioral coping skills therapy, which teaches clients adaptive responses-both cognitive and over behavioral-to deal effectively with difficult situations they encounter. That model is appropriate for problems that are maintained by a deficit in adaptive cognitions. Research has confirmed the causal importance of eight factors, but two seem particularly important-pro-criminal attitudes and associates. Referred to as the "central eight," these risk factors are also called "criminogenic needs" because they are deficits that must be fixed if recidivism is to be lowered. For example, the effects of procriminal associates can be addressed through an intervention that reduces these interactions and replaces them with pro-social relationships. Finally, although criminal history is not explicitly a dynamic risk factor, it still represents a promising target for change. These treatments are "responsive" to-that is, can change-the "criminogenic needs" represented by the central eight risk factors. Third, the technological component refers to the "instruments needed to ensure that the treatment is administered with integrity. In short, it is not sufficient to know what to do; it also is essential to know how to do it. Toward this end, the Canadians designed the Level of Service Inventory, which has undergone different advances. Whatever value it possessed has long since been exceeded by its social and economic costs; few policymakers are still riding the get-tough bandwagon. The challenge is how best to proceed from here and capitalize on this possibility to show the value of rehabilitation programs. It should be recognized as a resource to be used not only within specific treatment programs but also within everyday correctional contexts. Burton, Creating a Correctional Officer Academy: Implications from a National Survey (2017) (unpublished M. For example, if an offender has a capacity for empathy, this strength can be used to enable the person to build rewarding pro-social relationships. They often burst on the scene with fanfare and become a fad that spreads across the nation. Boot camps are one recent example of a discipline-oriented program that was implemented widely but now has fallen into disrepute. On a broader level, correctional staff must be seen as professionals, a designation that includes a strong ethical code and expertise in their field of endeavor. Correctional managers are typically evaluated on their ability to maintain organizational quiescence, not on how much recidivism they reduce.

Determine the changes to be significant to the overall Accreditation Program and vote to add the changes to the Standards. A 60% majority vote of attending Executive Committee members is required to adopt the proposal. At the Fall National Meeting, Plenary shall act upon the recommendation of the Executive Committee. A 60% majority vote of attending Plenary members is required to adopt the proposal. Plenary may determine it prudent to coordinate the effective date of the revisions (provided the effective date follows the date of adoption by Plenary) for purposes of accreditation with the effective date of the change to the manual to provide for streamlined and uniform filing requirements. Once adopted by Plenary, the proposal will become effective two (2) years immediately following the next January 1. The Executive Committee will vote in accordance with its normal procedures and make the appropriate recommendation to Plenary. Specifically, it appears that legislation is being pushed which would allow cut-through endorsements. Because of the way the laws are drafted (see attached files "other written agreement statutes. The issue lies within the provision of the solvency clause that is required where it is allowed to indicate that the reinsurance be payable to the receiver except in certain circumstances where there is an agreement that the reinsurance recoverable can be paid to another party. The problem arises when this agreement is not reflected in the reinsurance contract itself or in some form of an addendum. Where this is the case the entire agreement will not be in one document as required under Sec. Although this item is not significant enough to cause a state to be out of compliance with the Part A: Laws and Regulations accreditation standards, it is an issue that should be considered further. The Committee requests that the Reinsurance (E) Task Force research and discuss this issue. Please provide any comments or recommendations to the Committee at your earliest convenience. On a motion duly seconded, the Committee received the report of the International Holocaust Commission Task Force. On motion duly seconded, the Committee received the report of the International Regulatory Cooperation Working Group. Spudeck reported that the Joint Forum had completed and published its report on market and regulatory differences, and distributed for public comment the paper on business continuity. In addition to the draft papers, the group will discuss the progress of implementation of Joint Forum principles, and assess the processes of drafting and public consultation of Joint Forum documents. One agenda item will address a paper on the "financial policy landscape," which looks at the proper balance of regulation in insurance markets. Another discussion will explore the function of an international network on the financial management of large-scale catastrophes. Having no further business, the International Insurance Relations (G) Committee adjourned. Girion noted the discussion among several working group members and industry regarding separating a draft Mexican confidentiality agreement into two separate documents. The first document was a draft resolution (Attachment One-A); the second was a document setting forth the suggested elements of an actual confidentiality agreement to be entered into between the relevant agency of the Mexican government and a private insurer to secure the provision of trucker and truck safety information needed by U. The draft documents will also be provided to the governments and private sector in Canada for consideration and comment. Once finalized, the resolution will be presented to the Mexican insurance regulatory authority and the transportation department. The meeting was expected to include discussions of crossborder health and transportation issues. Ferguson also agreed to provide a report at the next meeting of the Working Group. The group believes that to this objective it is useful to provide experience data about the information on Mexican truckers driving records. Is pertinent to have a text that determines the consent of the carriers so that the registries on their performance are shown in which respect is clarified to the information accurately of which the individuals would grant their consent for their delivery, mainly when one is personal data of such, in order to avoid to contravene the dispositions of article 21 of the Federal Law of Transparency and Access to the Governmental Public Information. In addition, "The Ministry" shall have the right to cancel this Agreement forthwith in the event of specific conflict with the provision of any legislation or regulation affecting freedom of information, or protection of privacy.

I will always love you and believe in you, and I will stay young, and the only Oz to ever live in my heart will be that gentle faker from Nebraska! Thinking such troubled half-dreaming thoughts, Louis Creed slipped away, unplugging his connections to waking reality line by line, until all thoughts ceased and exhaustion dragged him down to black dreamless unconsciousness. The hands explored, pushing aside drugs and ampules and syringes with no interest at all. And when he had prayed awhile, Jesus raised his voice and cried, "Lazarus, come forth! He had no idea how long he had slept; it could have been fifteen minutes or three hours. There was a feeling that everything in the room had been subtly shifted out of position, and there was a line of pain across his back from sleeping sitting up. He was under the impression that there had been some sound, some- He held his breath, listening over the papery rustle of his heart. Jud knew every sound in this house-which floorboards creaked, which stair levels squeaked, where along the gutters the wind was apt to hoot and sing when it was drunkenly high, as it had been last night. The heavy front door, the one that communicated between his porch and the front hall, had just swung open. And with that information to go on, his mind was able to remember the sound that had awakened him. It had been the slow expansion of the spring on the screen door communicating between the porch and the front walk. Whatever was out there had been sent to punish an old man for his pride and vanity. He tried to get to his feet on legs that had gone to water, his mind screaming that he needed more time, that he was too old to face this again without more time; Timmy Baterman had been bad enough, and Jud had been young then. From one corner of his eye he saw the roll of cigarette ash in the Jim Beam ashtray. Then his eyes moved in the other direction and fixed on the thing which had come in with the cat. Jud began to back up, trying to catch at his thoughts, trying to hold on to his reason in the face of that smell. Jud rocked unsteadily on his feet-it was the cat, twining around his legs, making him totter. He backed away toward the kitchen, and he suddenly remembered the utensil drawer beside the sink. His thin shanks struck the swinging door that led into the kitchen and he pushed it open. The thing that had come into his house was still indistinct, but Jud could hear it breathing. He could see one white hand swinging back and forth-there was something in that hand, but he could not make out what. The door swung back as he entered the kitchen, and Jud at last turned his back and ran to the utensil drawer. He snatched it up and turned toward the door again; he even took a step or two toward it. One eye had gone to the wall; it stared off into space with terrible concentration. It held one hand out in front of it as if to shake with him; the other hand was curled behind its back. I knew about your whores but you never knew you married a whore and how we laughed, Jud! He sprang at the tiny, swaying figure in its dirty burial suit, and that was when the cat arrowed out of the darkness under the butcher block where it had been crouched. It was hissing, its ears laid back along the bullet of its skull, and it tripped Jud up just as neat as you please.

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Because almost half the cases go to the generatea hypothetical prison allocation system whose dynamics are more or less typical of prison, shown it50 states and District of Columbia, articulatedTable 1. The the allocationbe to develop "front sentencing options that attract what would cases come than strategy would system. More -end" one-fourth of the prison-bound have been prison-bound cases away from that outcome. They are often thought to be the problems with this strategy become obvious by looking deeper into the allocation off-limits for non-custodial prison-bound in many jurisdictions, and "very" system. More than one-fourth of the sentences; cases come from "extremely" these cases are serious to mandatory often thought to be off-limits for remaining cases, in many subjectcategories. Among thenon-custodial sentences;almost twojurisdictions, sentences are for to mandatory prison terms. The of reverse "mandatory sentencing" policy, requiring a non-custodial sentence 5 the size of for all of this target group makes them attractive, and we return to them below. In fact, a new front-end alternative could be both sizeable and widely used by judges, and still end up mostly with people who would not have gone to prison in the first place. So, the actual diversion numbers are generally significantly less than the program participation rate, and may approach zero. When the number of people who fail these "strict alternative" programs is included,7 the net impact can actually be negative. Mass Incarceration 61 laid out in Table 1 implemented several new front-end options. Even more important, as we note below, the types of cases targeted by such front-end diversion programs tend to have a very short prison stay so diverting them has less of an impact on prison population than the numbers of cases would imply. The logical place to start-less serious crimes-does not easily lead to true diversions. As a key stream of prison admissions, reductions in the number of community-supervision failures directly translate into reduced admissions. In 2015, there were 561,406 state prison admissions, of which 160,288 (about 30%) were for parole supervision violations;10 add the number who go to prison as probation violators and the full scale of the community-supervision stream emerges. Some people are arrested and convicted of a new crime, and go to prison on a new sentence. Estimates of the rates of community-supervision failure vary widely, and depend on the definition of failure. For a few states, community-supervision failures without new convictions, called "technical revocations," can be half or more of all prison admissions. This makes technical revocation an attractive target for prisonpopulation reduction initiatives. Common approaches include anger-management training, communityservice work, increased reporting, shock incarceration, and the like. For one thing, even though there can be a large number of people flowing into prison on this stream, they may not account for much of the daily prison population. Many violators return to prison for much less than a year, and diverting them into some policy or treatment "step" may produce a great deal of action at that step without translating into much aggregate reduction in the prison number. These are cases where correctional policy could change the decision to go to prison, because there is no new conviction by a court. That may be true, but the related impact on the average daily population, depends on two more statistics: the average length of stay for the other 70% and the proportion out of the 30% who succeed in the new program. Under these assumptions, a revocation program that accepts 30% of the prison intake would result in just over a 3% reduction in the population. If the new intervention captures only half the eligible revocations, and if it succeeds with them half the time-a profile 14. If the proportion of technical revocations in the admissions stream is less than 30%, the impact shrinks even more. In other words, even under friendly assumptions, a strategy that focuses on technical revocations holds limited promise for meaningfully reducing the number of people in prison. Indeed, that has been the experience of these strategies as they have been rolled out. A more effective way to target this stream would be to entirely prohibit prison returns for mere rules violations. Since it has often been observed that 95% or so of those who are imprisoned will eventually be released, adjustments in length of stay are an obvious target. Obviously, if some of them are released earlier, then the number of people in prison will go down.